Ajit Khosla & Irshad A. Wani 
Metallic, Magnetic, and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials [PDF ebook] 
Synthesis and Biomedical Applications

About the Authors ix

Preface xi

1 Nanomaterials 1
Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone

1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An Outline of Terms and Concepts 1

1.1.1 Nanomaterials: Properties and Classification 3

1.1.2 Forms of Nanoparticles 4

1.2 Special Effects of Nanosystems 5

1.2.1 Quantum Confinement Effect 5

1.2.2 Concept of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 7

1.3 Aspects of Synthesis of Nanomaterials 8

1.3.1 Top-Down Approach 8

1.3.2 Bottom-Up Approach 9

1.4 Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles 10

1.4.1 Chemical Methods of Synthesis 11

1.4.2 Electrochemical Method 17

1.4.3 Polymer and Dendrimer-Mediated Synthesis 21

1.4.4 Photoreduction Method 24

1.4.5 Using Reverse Micelles and Liposomes 29

1.4.6 Green Chemistry Methods 34

1.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle 37

1.5.1 Physical Approaches 38

1.5.2 Chemical Approach 38

1.5.3 Photoinduced Reduction Synthesis of Ag NPs 43

1.5.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 45

1.5.5 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 47

1.5.6 Bio Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles 50

1.5.6.1 Ag NPs Synthesized Using Bacteria 50

1.5.6.2 Ag NPs Synthesized Using Fungi 51

1.5.6.3 Ag NPs Synthesized Using Actinomycetes, Algae, and Viruses 52

1.5.6.4 Mechanisms of the Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of Ag NPs 55

1.5.7 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 55

1.6 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 58

1.7 Synthesis of Classical Quantum Dots 62

1.7.1 Organometallic Methods of Synthesis of Quantum Dots 63

1.7.2 Aqueous Synthesis of QDS Using Chemical and Biological Methods 66

1.8 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 69

1.8.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 69

1.8.1.1 Plasma-Based Synthesis 69

1.8.2 Synthesis of Graphene 73

1.8.2.1 Exfoliation: Mechanical and Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 73

1.8.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 76

1.8.2.3 Laser-Induced Synthesis 78

1.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective 79

References 80

2 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 120
Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone

2.1 Biomedical Applications of Gold Nanoparticles 120

2.1.1 Biomedical Imaging 121

2.1.2 Au NPs in Therapeutics 125

2.1.3 Gold Nanoparticles as Biosensors 129

2.1.4 Gold Nanoparticles in Photothermal Therapy 132

2.2 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 135

2.2.1 As Antimicrobial Agents 135

2.2.2 Silver NPs in Wound Care Applications 139

2.2.3 Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry 143

2.3 Toxicity of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 146

2.3.1 Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles 146

2.3.2 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles 152

2.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 155

References 156

3 Biomedical Applications of Iron-Oxide-based Magnetic Nanoparticles 171
Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone

3.1 Biomedical Applications of MNPs 171

3.1.1 MNPs as Imaging Contrast Agents for Biological Targets 172

3.1.2 MNPs in Drug Delivery Applications for Cancer Therapy 177

3.1.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Hyperthermia Therapy 185

3.1.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy 192

3.1.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biosensing and Detection 197

3.1.5.1 Detection of Disease Biomarkers 198

3.1.5.2 MNPs in the Detection of Pathogens 202

3.2 Toxicity of MNPs to Biological Systems 209

3.2.1 Biodistribution and Metabolism of MNPs 209

3.2.2 In vitro Toxicity Studies of MNPs 211

3.2.3 In vivo Toxicity Studies of MNPs 212

3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 216

3.3.1 Imaging Applications 216

3.3.2 Drug Delivery Systems 216

3.3.3 Hyperthermia Therapy 216

3.3.4 Gene Therapy 216

3.3.5 Biosensing and Detection 217

3.3.6 Toxicity and Biodistribution 217

References 217

4 Biomedical Application of Quantum Dots 236
Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone

4.1 Biomedical Applications of QDs 236

4.1.1 In Bioimaging and Biolabeling 238

4.1.2 In Cell Imaging 239

4.1.3 In Cell Tracking 240

4.1.4 In Vivo Animal Imaging 244

4.1.5 Detection of Pathogens and Toxins 248

4.1.6 Immunolabeling and Molecular Localization 250

4.1.7 Studying Signaling Pathways 257

4.1.8 Tumor Biology Investigation 257

4.2 Toxicity of Quantum Dots 259

4.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook 260

References 261

5 Biomedical Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 270
Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone

5.1 Introduction 270

5.2 Classification of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 273

5.3 Biofunctionalization/Biomodification of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 274

5.4 Biomedical Applications of CNTs 277

5.4.1 In Controlled and Targeted Drug Delivery 278

5.4.2 In Imaging Techniques 280

5.4.3 In Medical Nanorobotics 281

5.4.4 In Drug and Gene Delivery 283

5.4.5 In Biosensing Applications 284

5.4.6 As Scaffold for Cell Culture 284

5.5 Biomedical Applications of Graphene 284

5.5.1 In Anticancer Drug Delivery Systems 286

5.5.2 In Tissue Engineering 291

5.5.3 In Bioimaging 297

5.5.4 As Biosensors 301

5.5.5 In Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy 303

5.6 Discussion on Toxicity of CNMs 305

5.6.1 Neurotoxicity 305

5.6.2 Hepatotoxicity 306

5.6.3 Nephrotoxicity 307

5.6.4 Immunotoxicity 308

5.6.5 Cardiotoxicity 309

5.6.6 Genotoxicity and Epigenetic Toxicity 310

5.6.7 Dermatotoxicity 310

5.6.8 Carcinogenicity 311

5.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook 311

References 312

6 Biomedical Applications of Silica-Based Nanomaterials and Polymeric Nanomaterials 330
Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone

6.1 Biomedical Applications of Silica Nanoparticles 330

6.1.1 As Nanocarriers and Biomodulators 330

6.1.2 In Drug Delivery 334

6.1.3 In Bioimaging 338

6.1.4 As Bioadhesives 340

6.2 Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles 342

6.2.1 In Antibacterial Activity 342

6.2.2 As Vaccine Adjuvants 346

6.2.3 As Delivery Carries for Vaccines 349

6.3 Toxicity Studies 349

6.4 Conclusions and Future Scope 353

References 354

7 Nanotechnology-Based Biomedical Products, Devices, and Applications 363
Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone

7.1 Nanotechnology-Based Treatments for Heart Disease 363

7.1.1 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Early Detection of Coronary Artery Diseases (CADs) 364

7.1.2 Nanomaterials: Advancing Cardiac Regeneration Through Targeted Therapies 369

7.2 Nanotechnology for the Treatments for Diabetes 384

7.2.1 Nanotechnology for Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment 384

7.2.2 Nanotechnology in Retinal Tissue Regeneration 393

7.3 Nanotechnology for Kidney Disease Treatments 397

7.3.1 Nanotechnology in Detection of Kidney Disease Biomarkers 398

7.3.2 Kidney Disease Treatment Using Nanotechnology-Based Targeted Drug Delivery 402

7.4 Nanotechnology-Based Wound Dressings for Accelerated Wound Healing 412

7.5 Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment 417

7.5.1 Cancer Immunotherapy and the Role of Nanomedicine 418

7.5.2 Nanotechnology in Intraoperative Imaging for Enhanced Cancer Surgery 421

7.5.3 Nanotherapeutics: Enhancing Cancer Treatment Through Multifaceted Strategies 425

7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 428

References 429

Index 447

Ajit Khosla, Ph D, is a distinguished professor in the School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology at the Xidian University, and distinguished visiting professor at Soft & Wet Matter Engineering Laboratory (SWEL), Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan. Prof. Khosla is a fellow of the Electrochemical Society (United States) and the Royal Society of Chemistry (United kingdom) and holds 5 patents. He is founding Editor-in-Chief of Electrochemical Society’s first gold open access journals, ECS Sensors Plus and Editor Electrochemical Society’s family of journals.
Irshad A. Wani, Ph D, is currently serving as an Assistant Professor in Chemistry at Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Anantnag, University of Kashmir, India. Dr. Wani has received various prestigious awards notably ICTSGS Services Award (2021) conferred by SPAST foundation & B N Kailoo Memorial ISCAS Medal (2009) conferred by ISCAS, India etc. He has a good track record of publications & has published research papers in various esteemed international journals. He is serving as a peer reviewer of various international journals and is also a life member of various scientific societies.
Mohammad N. Lone, Ph D, is currently serving as an Assistant Professor in Chemistry at Department of Chemistry, Central University of Kashmir, India. During Ph.D., Dr. Lone was honored with the Basic Scientific Research (UGC-BSR) Meritorious JRF & SRF fellowship for five years by the University Grants Commission-Basic Scientific Research, India.