‘This book gives a brief yet thorough summary of the main components of police accountability in the 21st century. What works, what doesn’t, and where are we going in the future? I love to use it with my undergraduate students to help them understand the complexities of policing in the modern era.’
—Janne E. Gaub, East Carolina University
Completely revised to cover recent events and research, the Third Edition of The New World of Police Accountability provides an original and comprehensive analysis of some of the most important developments in police accountability and reform strategies. With a keen and incisive perspective, esteemed authors and policing researchers, Samuel Walker and Carol Archbold, address the most recent developments and provide an analysis of what works, what reforms are promising, and what has proven unsuccessful. The book’s analysis draws on current research, as well as the President′s Task Force on 21st Century Policing and the reforms embodied in Justice Department consent decrees.
New to the Third Edition:
- The national crisis over police legitimacy and use of force, is put into context through extensive discussions of recent police shootings and the response to this national crisis, providing readers a valuable perspective on the positive steps that have been taken and the limits of those steps.
- Coverage of the issues related to police officer uses of force is now the prevailing topic in Chapter 3 and includes detailed discussion of the topic, including de-escalation, tactical decision making, and the important changes in training related to these issues.
- An updated examination of the impact of technology on policing, including citizens’ use of recording devices, body-worn cameras, open data provided by police agencies, and use of social media, explores how technology contributes to police accountability in the United States.
- A complete, up-to-date discussion of citizen oversight of the police provides details on the work of selected oversight agencies, including the positive developments and their limitations, enabling readers to have an informed discussion of the subject.
- Detailed coverage of routine police activities that often generate public controversy now includes such topics as responding to mental health calls, domestic violence calls, and police ‘stop and frisk’ practices.
- Issues related to policing and race relations are addressed head-on through a careful examination of the data, as well as the impact of recent reforms that have attempted to achieve professional, bias-free policing.
قائمة المحتويات
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY
1. A National Police Crisis
Ferguson 2014: The Shooting of Michael Brown
A National Police Crisis
The New Conversation About Policing and Police Reform
The Challenge of Police Accountability
A Definition of Police Accountability
PTSR: A Framework for Accountability
Basic Themes in the New Police Accountability
The Challenge Ahead: Reasons for Hope, Reasons for Caution
2. The Accomplishments and Limits of Traditional Police Reforms
Introduction
The Police Professionalization Movement
The Courts and Police Reform
Legislative and Related Strategies for Police Reform
Conclusion: The Lessons of Past Reforms
PART II: THE ELEMENTS OF THE NEW POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY
3. The “Heart Of The Matter”: Controlling Police Officer Use of Force
Introduction
Administrative Rulemaking: The Basic Model for Controlling Officer Conduct
Controlling Police Use of Deadly Force
Police Use of Less Lethal Force
Controlling Police Use of Physical Force
The Reporting and Investigation of Use of Force
De-Escalation as a Strategy for Limiting Use of Force
How Accountability-related Reforms Can Transform the Police Subculture
Conclusion
4. Controlling Critical Incidents
Introduction
Controlling Pedestrian Stops and Frisks
“Driving While Black”: Traffic Stops and the Racial Profiling Controversy
Vehicle Pursuits: Reducing the Risks
Officer Foot Pursuits: Reducing the Risks
The Deployment of Canines: Reducing the Harms
Reducing Gender-Related Bias in Policing
Responding to Mental Health–Related Incidents
Achieving Bias-Free Policing
Ensuring Officer Integrity
Ensuring Officer Wellness
Guaranteeing People’s First Amendment Rights
Conclusion
5. Public Complaints and Police Accountability
Introduction
A Short History of Public Complaints, Internal Affairs Units, and Public Oversight
Basic Issues of Complaints and Complaint Investigations
The Public Complaint Process
Accepting, Recording, Screening, and Classifying Complaints
Investigating Complaints
The Disposition of Complaints
Ensuring the Quality of the Complaint Process
Staffing and Managing the Complaint Process
Evaluating the Complaint Process
Conclusion
6. Early Intervention Systems
Introduction
The Background and Development of the EIS Concept
Basic Issues in Early Intervention Systems
The Basic Requirements for an EIS
The Components of an EIS
The Challenge of Implementing an Early Intervention System
Impacts of an Early Intervention System
The Effectiveness of Early Intervention Systems
The Experiences and Perceptions of EIS Police Managers
Conclusion
7. External Review of the Police
Introduction
Basic Features of Police Auditors and Inspectors General
The Work of the Inspector General for the NYPD
The San Jose Independent Police Auditor
The Los Angeles Police Commission and Inspector General
The Washington, DC, Office of Police Complaints
A Lost Agency: The Special Counsel to the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department
Blue-Ribbon Commissions
The Strengths and Limits of External Review
Another Lost Program: The Collaborative Reform Initiative
Conclusion
PART III: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ACCOUNTABILITY
8. Increasing Accountability with Risk Management
What is Risk Management?
Risk Management, Police Liability, and Accountability
Early Intervention Systems and Risk Management
The Prevalence of Risk Management in American Policing
Research on Risk Management in Policing
Barriers to the Implementation of Risk Management
Overcoming Barriers to Implementation: The Case of Risk Management in Medicine
Innovative Risk Management in Risk Management in Medicine: The Checklist
Checklists and Policing: Could it Work?
Legalized Accountability and Police Reform
Insurance Companies as Accountability Agents
Looking Ahead: The Future of Risk Management in Policing
9. Police Accountability and Technology
Introduction
Video-Recording Devices Used by the Public
Using Apps to Report Police Misconduct
Video-Recording Devices Used by the Police
Compliance With Body-Worn Camera Activation Policies
Perceptions of Police Body Cameras
Using Social Media to Inform the Public of Police Misconduct
Increasing Police Accountability with Open Data
The Future of Technology and Police Accountability
PART IV: THE FUTURE OF POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY
10. The Future of Police Accountability
The National Police Crisis and its Impact
Progress: “Best Practices” Today
Threats to the Future of Police Accountability
Final Thoughts
Index
عن المؤلف
Carol A. Archbold is the Walter F. and Verna Gehrts Endowed Professor at North Dakota State University in the Department of Criminal Justice in Fargo, North Dakota. Her research interests include police accountability and liability, police misconduct, women in policing, and race issues in the criminal justice system. She has published articles in such peer-reviewed journals as Police Quarterly, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Journal of Criminal Justice, and Journal of Crime and Justice. In 2004, Dr. Archbold published a book based on the first national study of the use of risk management in law enforcement in the United States, Police Accountability, Risk Management and Legal Advising (LFB Scholarly Publishing). She coauthored Women and Policing in America: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Wolters Kluwer/Aspen, 2011) and is the sole author of Policing: A Text/Reader (SAGE, 2013). Dr. Archbold is also coauthor (with Dr. Samuel Walker) of the second (2014) and third (2020) editions of The New World of Police Accountability.
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