David P. P. Barash & Charles P. P. Webel 
Peace and Conflict Studies [EPUB ebook] 

Part I • The Promise of Peace, the Problems of War
Chapter 1 • The Meanings of Peace
The Meanings of Peace
Positive and Negative Peace
Measuring Peace
The Global Peace Index
Culture of Peace
A Final Note on the Meanings of Peace
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 2 • Peace Studies, Peace Education, and Peace Research
Peace Studies, War Studies, and Peace and Conflict Studies
Peace Education
The Dimensions of Peace and Conflict Studies
PCS Today
Some Contributions of PCS
The Future of PCS
A Final Note on Peace and Conflict Studies, Education, and Research
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Scholarly Journals
Notes
Chapter 3 • The Meaning of War
Defining War
The Frequency and Intensity of Wars
Historical Trends in War
Modern Weaponry
Cutting-Edge Military Technologies
Has Technology Made War Obsolete?
Wars, Empires, Colonialism, and National Liberation
The Desirability of Peace Versus Justifications for Wars
Social Justice and War
Political Ideologies and Militarism
Is War Inevitable?
Can Nations Change?
The Nature and Functions of Conflict
A Final Note on War
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 4 • Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A War Without End?
What Is Terrorism? Who Are Terrorists?
A Brief History of Terrorism: From Above and From Below
Terrorism and the Middle East
Divisions Within Islam
The Official Terrorism Industry
The Global War on Terrorism
The Victims and Perpetrators of Global Terrorism and Counterterrorism
A Final Note on Terrorism
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 5 • Nuclear Weapons
The Nature of Nuclear Weapons
Delivery Systems
Strategic Doctrine: Deterrence
How a Nuclear War Could Start
Nuclear Proliferation
Some New Worries
Some Good News
What Might Be Done
A Final Note on Nuclear Weapons
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Part II • The Causes of Wars
Chapter 6 • The Individual Level
Aggression, Drives, and Instincts
Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
Freudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Innate Depravity?
Social Learning Theories
Gender, War, and Peace
Prejudice, Images of the Enemy, and Human Needs
Attributions and Projection
Dehumanization, Altruism, and Reconciliation
The Attractions of War
Inhibitions Against War
Some Issues in Nuclear Psychology
A Final Note on Individual-Level Explanations of Wars
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 7 • The Group Level
War: Its Early History
Functions of Nontechnological Wars
Characteristics of Premodern Wars
Alternatives to Traditional, Premodern Warfare
Underlying Group Processes
Brief Conclusion on Premodern and Nontechnological Warfare
Nations, States, Ethnic Groups, and Nationalism
A Brief History of Nationalist Wars
Types of Nationalist Wars
Nationalist Threats to States
Racial and Cultural Intolerance
Nationalism and the Public Mood
Nationalism and Political Ideology 186 World War I: Ideology Loses to Nationalism
The Question of “National Character”
A Final Note on Nationalism and Ethnocentrism
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 8 • The State Level
Defining the State
State Sovereignty
The State System
Alliances Between States
Realpolitik and Raisons d’État
Internal Cohesion
Arms Races
A Final Note on War and States
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 9 • The Decision-Making Level
The Role of Leaders
Crisis Decision Making
Some Issues Regarding Perception and Cognition
A Final Note on Decision Making
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 10 • The Ideological, Social, and Economic Levels
Conflicting Ideologies
Population Pressure and Other Social Stresses
Poverty as a Cause of War
Imperialism
The Military-Industrial Complex
The Economic Effects of Wars
The Effects of Military Spending
Cultural Conflicts and the “Clash of Civilizations”
A Final Note on the Complex Causes of War
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Part III • Building “Negative Peace”
Chapter 11 • Peace Movements
Popular Attitudes Toward Peace
Attention, Success, and Failure
Historical and Current Perceptions of War
History and Taxonomy of Peace Movements
Interconnections Between Peace and Other Social Movements
Some Internal Debates Within Peace Movements
Some Criticisms of Peace Movements
Maintaining the Momentum of Peace Movements
A Final Note on Peace Movements
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 12 • Diplomacy, Negotiations, and Conflict Resolution
Conflict: A Brief Overview
Summitry
A Brief History of Diplomacy
Diplomacy and Military Force
Diplomacy and Realpolitik
Track II Diplomacy
Third-Party Involvement
Negotiating Techniques for Resolving Conflict
Methods of Integrative Bargaining
Additional Negotiating Techniques
A Final Note on Conflict Resolution
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 13 • Disarmament and Arms Control
Different Visions of Disarmament
A Brief History of Disarmament
Some Current Agreements
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Future Prospects
Some Conventional Arms-Control Efforts
Pitfalls of Arms Control Agreements
Benefits and Methods of Achieving Arms Control Agreements
Economic Conversion
A Final Note on Disarmament and Arms Control
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 14 • International Cooperation
The United Nations
Limitations on the UN’s Use of Force
Other Functions of the United Nations
Functionalism
Regional Organizations
Intergovernmental Organizations
World Government?
A Brief History of Plans for World Government
Pros and Cons of World Government
The Dream of World Government: A Waste of Time?
The Prospects for World Government
The Uniting of the United States of America: A Rehearsal for a Global Federal System?
Trans-Governmental Movements
A Final Note on International Cooperation
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 15 • Peace Through Strength?
Balance of Power
Problems With Balance of Power
Hegemonic US?
Collective Security
National Security via Military Force
Appeasement, Provocation, and Deterrence
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Sanctions
Nonprovocative Defense
A Final Note on Peace Through Strength
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 16 • International Law
The Sources of International Law
Enforcement of International Law
The Conflict Between International Law and State Sovereignty
Hidden Strengths of International Law
The Laws of War
A Final Note on International Law
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 17 • Ethical and Religious Perspectives
A Two-Sided View of Killing
Ethics
Religious Attitudes Toward War
Christian “Realism”
Religious Pacifism
Nuclear Ethics
A Final Note on Ethics and Religion
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Part IV • Building ‘Positive Peace’
Chapter 18 • Human Rights
A Brief History of Human Rights
Women’s Rights
Some Human Rights Controversies
Refugees
LGBT Rights
The Legal Status of Human Rights
Human Rights and the Nation-State
Human Rights and Peace
Competing Conceptions of Human Rights
The Responsibility to Protect
Human Rights Violations Under Authoritarian Regimes
Promoting Human Rights
A Final Note on Human Rights
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 19 • Environmental Well-Being
Enhanced Environmental Awareness
The Environment and National Security
The Tragedy of the Commons
Some Major Environmental Problems
Some Environmental Principles
Environmental Activism
Struggling for Sustainability
Resource Wars
Environmental Ethics
A Final Note on Ecological Well-Being
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 20 • The Climate Crisis
Causes of Global Climate Change
Some Skeptical Questions Regarding Climate Science and Some Replies to Them
Indirect Consequences of Global Heating
What Can We Expect in the Future?
Obstacles to Action
Prospects for Progress
Technology to the Rescue?
A Final Note on the Climate Crisis
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Climate Change Websites
Chapter 21 • Economic Well-Being
The Problem of Poverty
Socioeconomic Development
Ethics, Equity, and a Bit of History
Hunger
Measuring Wealth, Poverty, and Income Inequality
Population
The Demographic-Economic-Environmental Trap
Future Directions
The Case of Costa Rica
A Final Note on Economic Well-Being
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 22 • Democracy
What Is Democracy?
A Brief Modern History of Democratization
The Arab Spring: A “Fifth Wave” That Largely Failed
The Occupy Movement
The Democracy “Recession”
Democracies and Wars
Can Democracy Be Exported? Should It Be?
A Final Note on Movements Toward Democracy
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 23 • National Reconciliation
Altruism, Aggression, and Reconciliation in Nonhuman Primates
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
The Opposite of Reconciliation
TRC Downsides and Caveats
A Final Note on National Reconciliation
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 24 • Nonviolence
What Is Nonviolence?
Violence
Nonviolent Peace Theorists and Theories
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Gandhian Nonviolence in Theory and Practice
Martin Luther King Jr. and the US Civil Rights Movement
Some Nonviolent Successes
Civilian-Based Defense
Does Nonviolence “Work”? If So, Why?
Prospects for Nonviolence
A Final Note on Nonviolence
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Chapter 25 • The Coronavirus Pandemic: Catastrophe, Wake-Up Call, or Both?
A Bit of History
Socioeconomic Inequality
Local and Domestic Consequences
Possible Origins of the Pandemic and Human/Animal Interdependency
More Cooperation or Less?
Altered Political Realities, for Better and Worse
Science and Public Health
A Final Note on the Coronavirus Pandemic
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Coronavirus Websites
Chapter 26 • The Personal and the Political
Transformations of Self and Society
Toward the Future
A Final Note on Transformation and the Future
Questions for Further Reflection
Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes

Charles P. Webel (Ph D, University of California, Berkeley) is presently a professor of international relations and philosophy at the University of New York in Prague. He previously held the Delp- Wilkinson Chair in Peace Studies at Chapman University. A five-time Fulbright Scholar and graduate of the Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California, he has conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard University, the Max Planck Institute, and the Universities of Paris, Frankfurt, and Heidelberg. He has also taught in the Peace and Conflict Studies Program at Berkeley, the Honors College of University of South Florida, and at Harvard College. He is the author or editor of many articles and nine books, including the forthcoming The Fate of this World and the Future of Humanity.