Anita Jones Jones Thomas & Sara E. E. Schwarzbaum 
Culture and Identity [EPUB ebook] 
Life Stories for Counselors and Therapists

Preface
Organization of the Book
Acknowledgments
SECTION I: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
1. Self in Context
Developmental Processes
Development of the Self
Development of Self in Context
Societal Influences on Development
Shifting Selves
Resilience
What Is Resilience?
Factors Associated With Resilience
Personal Protective Factors
Using Resilience in Treatment
SECTION II: RACE AND ETHNICITY
2. Julie’s Story: So What if I’m a Black Woman?
Julie’s Story
Content Themes
Race and Stereotypes
Interpersonal Relationships
Racism
Self-Definition/Authentic Self
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Influence of Race
Techniques and Interventions
Critical Consciousness and the Authentic Self
Racial Heritage
Racial Socialization
Countertransference
Reactions to Racism
Race of the Therapist
Toolbox Activity—Julie
3. Butch’s Story: Who Am I?
Butch’s Story
Content Themes
Contextual Dimensions
Family Socialization Patterns
Intragroup Differences
Self-Image
Cultural Homelessness
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Myths About Multiracial Individuals
Family and Racial Socialization Processes
Countertransference
Myths and Misperceptions
Issues of Self-Hatred
Toolbox Activity—Butch
4. Betsie’s Story: I Am 100% Jewish
Betsie’s Story
Content Themes
Pride About Ethnic Background
The Connection Between Ethnicity and Family Values
Pressure to Conform to Ethnic Values
Relationship Between Ethnicity and Religion
Relationship Between Sociohistorical Contexts and Identity
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Pride About Ethnic Background
Ethnicity, Family Values, and Pressures to Conform
Relationship Between Ethnicity, Religion, Sociohistorical Contexts, and Other Variables
Techniques and Interventions
Countertransference
Similar Ethnicity
Different Ethnicity
Toolbox Activity—Betsie
5. Maribel’s Story: When Are You Going to Have Kids?
Maribel’s Story
Content Themes
Ethnicity, Immigration, Social Class, and Racism
Ethnicity and Language
The Double Life of a Hybrid Identity
Gender Role Shifts
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Countertransference
Toolbox Activity—Maribel
SECTION III: IMMIGRATION AND ACCULTURATION
6. Vu’s Story: I Am an American
Vu’s Story
Content Themes
Forced Migration and Refugee Status
Second Language Acquisition
Acculturation and Assimilation Processes
Survivor Guilt
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Forced Migration and Refugee Status
Second Language Acquisition
Acculturation Processes and Coping Styles
Survivor Guilt
Techniques and Interventions
Acquire Knowledge of History
Psycholinguistic History
Countertransference
Excessive Curiosity About the Client’s Background
Wish to Help Clients Go Back to Their Roots
Toolbox Activity—Vu
7. Esteban’s Story: Still Uprooted
Esteban’s Story
Content Themes
Tragic Loss
Language Loss
Language, Acculturation, and Ethnicity
Immigration and Social Class
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Language Loss
Shifts in Social Class
Ethnicity and Acculturation Views
Techniques and Interventions
Language Switching and Language Mixing
Countertransference
Sadness or Guilt
Denial of Culture
Wish to Prove That the Clinician Is Above Prejudice
Toolbox Activity—Esteban
8. Maria Luz’s Story: Here We Are Not Free
Maria Luz’s Story
Content Themes
Ambivalence
Voluntary Versus Involuntary Migration
Documented Versus Undocumented Status
Language Issues of the First-Generation Immigrant
Immigration and Geographic Origin
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Potential for Dropout From Services
Beliefs About Mental Health Practices
Risk of Dropout From Counseling Services
Ambivalence About the Immigration Decision
Language Issues
Importance of Geographic Origin
Documentation Status
Techniques and Interventions
Pretherapy Orientation
Countertransference
Clients’ Language, Habits, and Customs
Therapist Discomfort and Positive or Negative Stereotypes
Toolbox Activity—Maria Luz
9. Teresa’s Story: I Didn’t Want to Go to Church on Sunday
Teresa’s Story
Content Themes
First- Versus Second-Generation Immigrants
Language Issues of the Second Generation: Loss or Rejection
Intergenerational Conflicts and Gender
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Language Issues With the Second Generation
Intergenerational Conflicts and Gender Roles
Techniques and Interventions
Untangling Family Conflicts Based on Second-Generation Choices
Countertransference
Taking Sides
Toolbox Activity—Teresa
SECTION IV: RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY
10. Frank’s Story: Hearing God’s Voice
Frank’s Story
Content Themes
Relationship With God
Submission in Religion
Religion as a Strength or Resource
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Relationship With a Higher Power
Existential Questions
Religion as Strength
Techniques and Interventions
Countertransference
Discomfort With Religious Discussions
Differences in Religious Beliefs
Toolbox Activity—Frank
11. Bob’s Story: The Good Christian Son
Bob’s Story
Content Themes
Religious Socialization
Shift in Religious Identity
Internal Migration and Religious Identity
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Countertransference
Toolbox Activity—Bob
12. Katie’s Story: Catholic and Jewish? How Can It Be?
Katie’s Story
Was This a “Crisis” of Faith?
The Wedding Plans
And the Rest of the Story . . . ?
Teach Your Children Diligently
Practice, Practice, Practice: A Practicing Catholic
Content Themes
Religious Identity Development
Decision Making
Family Socialization
Influence of Current Events
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Examination of Specific Religious Teachings
Interfaith Relationship Issues
Countertransference
Moral Dilemmas
Confusion About Interfaith Differences
Toolbox Activity—Katie
13. Malia’s Story: Am I American?
Malia’s Story
Content Themes
Process of Identity
Acculturation
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Process of Identity
Religion
Acculturation
Techniques and Interventions
Countertransference
Toolbox Activity—Malia
SECTION V: SOCIAL CLASS
14. Carla’s Story: One More Mile
Carla’s Story
Content Themes
The Impact of Poverty
Lack of Access to Resources
Importance of Education
Link to Race/Dominant Values
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Countertransference
Toolbox Activity—Carla
15. Anthony’s Story: From Radical to Bohemian to Suit Me
Anthony’s Story
Content Themes
Changes in Socioeconomic Status and Social Class
Dominant Class Standards
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Dominant Values
Budgets
Countertransference
Differences in Values
Classism
Toolbox Activity—Anthony
SECTION VI: SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Clinical Considerations
16. Karen’s Story: Midlife Growing Pains
Karen’s Story
Content Themes
Coming Out
Bisexuality
Shame and Internal Judgment
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Countertransference
Toolbox Activity—Karen
17. Rachel’s Story: Nurturing the Spirit
Transgender and Intersex Sexuality
Implications for Professionals
Discussion Questions
Rachel’s Story
Content Themes
Trapped in Wrong Body/Gender Identity
Transition
Harassment
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Cross-Gender Expression and Transgender Identity
Techniques and Interventions
Expression and Acceptance of Gender Identity
Transitioning and Working Through Harassment
Belief in Client Competency
Countertransference
Toolbox Activity—Rachel
SECTION VII: DISABILITY
18. David’s Story: Broken Neck, Intact Spirit
David’s Story
Content Themes
Grief and Loss Issues
Adjusting to the Disability
Disability Identity Development
Discrimination
Resilience and Social Justice
Clinical Applications
Assessment
Techniques and Interventions
Grief and Loss
Fostering Resilience
Career Counseling
Intersectionality
Process of Therapy
Countertransference
Pity
Curiosity
Toolbox Activity—David
Appendix
References
Index
About the Authors

Sara Schwarzbaum, Ed D, LMFT, LCPC, is a retired Professor in the department of Counselor Education and a coordinator of the Master’s in Couple and Family Counseling Program at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago. She is also the founder of Couples Counseling Associates in Chicago. She has a master’s degree in clinical psychology from Buenos Aires, Argentina and doctoral degree in counseling with an emphasis in family therapy from Northern Illinois University.  She has written articles that have appeared in the Psychotherapy Networker, Counseling Today and other publications. She is a consultant, trainer, and presenter at state and national conferences where she frequently conducts workshops on clinical issues with Latino clients, the multicultural competency of clinicians, psychotherapy with immigrants and families, and marriage counseling.