‘Times Are Altered with Us’: American Indians from Contact to the New Republic offers a concise and engaging introduction to the turbulent 300-year-period of the history of Native Americans and their interactions with Europeans–and then Americans–from 1492 to 1800.
* Considers the interactions of American Indians at many points of ‘First Contact’ across North America, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts
* Explores the early years of contact, trade, reciprocity, and colonization, from initial engagement of different Indian and European peoples–Spanish, French, Dutch, English, and Russian–up to the start of tenuous and stormy relations with the new American government
* Charts the rapid decline in American Indian populations due to factors including epidemic Old World diseases, genocide and warfare by explorers and colonists, tribal warfare, and the detrimental effects of resource ruination and displacement from traditional lands
* Features a completely up-to-date synthesis of the literature of the field
* Incorporates useful student features, including maps, illustrations, and a comprehensive and evaluative Bibliographical Essay
* Written in an engaging style by an expert in Native American history and designed for use in both the U.S. history survey as well as dedicated courses in Native American studies
Table of Content
List of Illustrations xi
List of Maps xiii
Introduction 1
1 1492 and Before 8
Before Europeans 8
Invasions of America 12
Rewriting ‘History’ 15
The Bering Strait Theory 15
Culture Areas 17
The Development of Maize 19
The Southwest 19
The Eastern Woodlands 20
Native American Population before 1492 22
Native Americans and Old World Diseases 24
The Columbian Exchange 25
2 Encountering the Spanish 29
Pánfilo de Narváez 29
Cabeza de Vaca 34
The De Soto Expedition 37
Mabila 39
The Death of De Soto 40
Coronado 41
On to Quivera 43
Bartolomé de Las Casas 44
The Black Legend 44
La Florida 45
New Mexico 47
Acoma 48
Converting the Pueblo 48
The Pueblo Revolt 50
3 Encounters with the French 53
Verrazzano’s Voyage 55
Cartier 57
Huguenots in Florida 62
The Fur Trade 63
Champlain 64
War with the Iroquois 66
The Jesuits in Canada 68
Alcohol and Native People 72
La Salle and Louisiana 73
4 English and Native People in the Southeast 77
Ireland, the Foundation of English
Colonial Strategy 78
The West Countrymen 79
Roanoke 79
The Powhatan Confederacy 83
Jamestown 85
Opechancanough’s Wars 89
Bacon’s Rebellion 91
The Indian Slave Trade 94
The Yamasee War 98
5 Native Americans in New England 101
English Sassafras Hunters 103
John Smith Explores New England 104
The Separatists 105
Tisquantum 107
Thomas Morton and ‘Merre-mount’ 109
The Pequot War 110
Miantonomi and Uncas 113
John Eliot and the Praying Towns 114
Metacom’s Rebellion 117
6 The Five Nations, the Dutch, and the Iroquois Wars 125
Hudson’s Voyage 126
The Dutch West India Company 129
New Netherland’s Two Indian Policies 130
The Mohawk-Mahican War 132
Dutch and Algonquins at New Amsterdam 134
Iroquois Economic Crisis and the Weakening of the Wendat 136
The Beaver Wars 140
The Grand Settlement of 1701 146
7 Seeking a Middle Ground 148
Pennsylvania 150
The Walking Purchase 153
The Iroquois Become Pennsylvania’s Enforcers 155
Into the Ohio Country 158
The Middle Ground 159
Native Americans as Military Proxies 161
8 The Imperial Wars 166
The Imperial Wars 167
The Treaty of Lancaster 173
Disputing the Ohio Country 175
Braddock’s Defeat 179
Lake George 180
Montcalm Takes Command 180
The Tide Turns against the French 182
The Cherokee War 184
9 Pontiac’s Rebellion 189
Neolin, the Delaware Prophet 189
The French Leave 192
The British Economize 194
Jeffery Amherst’s Indian Policy 195
Pontiac 197
The Siege of Detroit 200
Michilimackinac 202
Bloody Run 204
The Devil’s Hole 205
Bushy Run 206
The End of Pontiac’s Rebellion 208
The Proclamation of 1763 208
The Paxton Boys 209
Pontiac’s Fate 210
Flouting the Proclamation 211
10 The Great Plains and the Far West 212
The Plains 213
The Bison 215
The Arrival of the Horse 216
The Plains before the Horse 218
The Spread of Horses on the Plains 220
The Cultural Impact of Horses and Muskets 222
Smallpox in the West 223
The Plains Migrations 224
War over the Buffalo 226
Women’s Changing Roles and Status 228
The Environmental Impact of the Horse 229
The Russians 230
Spanish Missions in California 232
The English Arrive in the Pacific Northwest 235
11 Native Americans and the American Revolution 238
Appropriating Native Identity 240
Divisions among the Iroquois 241
Neutrality 243
Joseph Brant 244
Oriskany 247
American Allies 249
The Death of Cornstalk 252
A Generational Divide 253
‘Monster Brant’ 254
The Sullivan Campaign 255
Atrocity at Gnadenhütten 256
12 Coping with the New Republic 259
The Conquest Policy 259
Alliances with Europeans 261
The Northwest Confederacy 262
The End of the Conquest Policy 264
Harmer’s Defeat 265
St Clair’s Defeat 266
British Interference 269
Division in the Northwest Confederacy 271
Fallen Timbers 272
The Treaty of Greenville 273
The ‘Blessings of Civilization’ 274
Spiritual Renewal 276
Bibliographical Essay 278
Index 287
About the author
Roger M. Carpenter is Associate Professor of History at the University of Louisiana at Monroe, where he teaches Native American and Early American History. He is the author of The Renewed, the Destroyed, and the Remade: The Three Thought Worlds of the Huron and the Iroquois, 1609-1650 (2004) and American Indian History Day by Day: A Reference Guide to Events (2012).
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