An up-to-date and concise review of Ga N transistor design and applications
In the newly revised fourth edition of Ga N Power Devices for Efficient Power Conversion, a team of distinguished researchers and practicing engineers deliver a concise and effective new guide to designing small, energy-efficient, and inexpensive products with Ga N transistors. This new edition covers all relevant new Ga N technology advancements, allowing students and practicing engineers to get, and stay ahead of, the curve with Ga N device and circuit technology.
You’ll explore applications including DC to DC converters, solar inverters, motor drive controllers, satellite electronics, and Li DAR devices. The 4th edition offers critical updates for space applications, vertical Ga N, and driving transistors and integrated circuits. New chapters on reliability testing advancements, device wear out mechanisms, thermal management, and the latest developments in monolithic integration round out the book.
Readers will also find:
- The latest updates on significant technology improvements, like integrated circuits, reliability studies, and new applications
- Comprehensive explorations of integrated circuit construction, characteristics, reliability results, and applications
- Practical discussions of specific circuit designs, layout, and thermal dissipation when designing power conversion systems
- Chapters written by practicing expert leaders in the power semiconductor field and industry pioneers
Perfect for practicing power conversion engineers, Ga N Power Devices for Efficient Power Conversion will also benefit electrical engineering students and device scientists in the field of power electronics.
Table of Content
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Ga N Technology Overview 1
1.1 Silicon Power MOSFETs: 1976-2010 1
1.2 The Ga N Journey Begins 2
1.3 Ga N and Si C Compared with Silicon 2
1.4 The Basic Ga N Transistor Structure 6
1.5 Building a Ga N HEMT Transistor 11
1.6 Ga N Integrated Circuits 15
1.7 Summary 21
2 Ga N Transistor Electrical Characteristics 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Device Ratings 25
2.3 Gate Voltage 30
2.4 On-Resistance (RDS(on)) 31
2.5 Threshold Voltage 34
2.6 Capacitance and Charge 35
2.7 Reverse Conduction 38
2.8 Thermal Characteristics 40
2.9 Summary 42
3 Driving Ga N Transistors 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Gate Drive Voltage 47
3.3 Gate Drive Resistance 48
3.4 dv/dt Considerations 50
3.5 di/dt Considerations 53
3.6 Bootstrapping and Floating Supplies 56
3.7 Transient Immunity 59
3.8 Gate Drivers and Controllers for Enhancement-Mode Ga N Transistors 61
3.9 Cascode, Direct Drive, and Higher-Voltage Configurations 61
3.10 Using Ga N Transistors with Drivers or Controllers Designed for Si MOSFETs 67
3.11 Driving Ga N ICs 68
3.12 Summary 69
4 Layout Considerations for Ga N Transistor Circuits 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Origin of Parasitic Inductance 76
4.3 Minimizing Common-Source Inductance 77
4.4 Minimizing Power-Loop Inductance in a Half-Bridge Configuration 79
4.5 Paralleling Ga N Transistors 85
4.6 Summary 93
5 Ga N Reliability 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Getting Started with Ga N Reliability 95
5.3 Determining Wear-Out Mechanisms Using Test-to-Fail Methodology 95
5.4 Using Test-to-Fail Results to Predict Device Lifetime in a System 98
5.5 Wear-Out Mechanisms 99
5.6 Mission-Specific Reliability Predictions 133
5.7 Summary 150
6 Thermal Management of Ga N Devices 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Thermal Equivalent Circuits 155
6.3 Cooling Methods 160
6.4 System-Level Thermal Overview: Single FET 163
6.5 System-Level Thermal Analysis: Multiple FETs 176
6.6 Experimental Thermal Examples 182
6.7 Summary 191
7 Hard-Switching Topologies 195
7.1 Introduction 195
7.2 Hard-Switching Loss Analysis 196
7.3 External Factors Impacting Hard-Switching Losses 217
7.4 Frequency Impact on Magnetics 223
7.5 Buck Converter Example 224
7.6 Summary 245
8 Resonant and Soft-Switching Converters 249
8.1 Introduction 249
8.2 Resonant and Soft-Switching Techniques 249
8.3 Key Device Parameters for Resonant and Soft-Switching Applications 254
8.4 High-Frequency Resonant Bus Converter Example 261
8.5 Summary 269
9 RF Performance 273
9.1 Introduction 273
9.2 Differences Between RF and Switching Transistors 275
9.3 RF Basics 276
9.4 RF Transistor Metrics 277
9.5 Amplifier Design Using Small-Signal s-Parameters 284
9.6 Amplifier Design Example 285
9.7 Summary 292
10 DC-DC Power Conversion 295
10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 DC-DC Converter Examples 295
10.3 Summary 317
11 Multilevel Converters 321
11.1 Introduction 321
11.2 Benefits of Multilevel Converters 321
11.3 Experimental Examples 338
11.4 Summary 348
12 Class D Audio Amplifiers 351
12.1 Introduction 351
12.2 Ga N Transistor Class D Audio Amplifier Example 355
12.3 Summary 364
13 High Current Nanosecond Laser Drivers for Lidar 367
13.1 Introduction to Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) 367
13.2 Pulsed Laser Driver Overview 368
13.3 Basic Design Process 378
13.4 Hardware Driver Design 384
13.5 Experimental Results 388
13.6 Additional Considerations for Laser Transmitter Design 394
13.7 Summary 399
14 Motor Drives 403
14.1 Introduction 403
14.2 Motor Types 403
14.3 Inverter 403
14.4 Typical Applications 404
14.5 Voltage Source Inverters and Motor Control Basics 404
14.6 Field-Oriented Control Basics 408
14.7 Current Measurement Techniques 410
14.8 Power Dissipation in Motor and Inverter 411
14.9 Silicon Inverter Limitations 412
14.10 LC Filter Dissipation 412
14.11 Torque Sixth Harmonic Dissipation 413
14.12 Ga N Advantage 413
14.13 Ga N Switching Behavior 413
14.14 Dead Time Elimination Effect 414
14.15 PWM Frequency Increase Effect 415
14.16 Layout Considerations for Motor Drives 420
14.17 Ga N Devices for Motor Applications 421
14.18 Application Examples 421
14.19 Summary 430
15 Ga N Transistors and Integrated Circuits for Space Applications 433
15.1 Introduction 433
15.2 Failure Mechanisms in Electronic Components Used in Space Applications 433
15.3 Standards for Radiation Exposure and Tolerance 434
15.4 Gamma Radiation 434
15.5 Neutron Radiation (Displacement Damage) 437
15.6 Single-Event Effects (SEE) Testing 438
15.7 Performance Comparison Between Ga N Transistors and Rad-Hard Si MOSFETs 440
15.8 Ga N Integrated Circuits 441
15.9 Summary 445
16 Replacing Silicon Power MOSFETs 449
16.1 Introduction: Ga N, Rapid Growth/Great Future 449
16.2 New Capabilities Enabled by Ga N Devices 449
16.3 Ga N Devices Are Easy to Use 453
16.4 Ga N Cost Reduction over Time 454
16.5 Ga N Devices Are Reliable 454
16.6 Future Direction of Ga N Devices 455
16.7 Summary 456
References 456
Appendix: Glossary of Terms 459
Index 477
About the author
Alex Lidow is the CEO and Co-founder of Efficient Power Conversion.
Michael de Rooij is Vice President of Applications Engineering at Efficient Power Conversion.
John Glaser is Director of Applications at Efficient Power Conversion.
Alejandro Pozo is a Senior Applications Engineer at Efficient Power Conversion.
Shengke Zhang is Vice President of Product Reliability at Efficient Power Conversion.
Marco Palma is a Senior FAE Manager based in Europe.
David Reusch is a Systems Engineer, Kilby Labs, Texas Instruments, USA.
Johan Strydom is Advanced Development Manager, Kilby Labs, Texas Instruments, USA.
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