The colonization of Spanish America resulted in the mixing of Natives, Europeans, and Africans and the subsequent creation of a casta system that discriminated against them. Members of mixed races could, however, free themselves from such burdensome restrictions through the purchase of a gracias al sacar—a royal exemption that provided the privileges of Whiteness. For more than a century, the whitening gracias al sacar has fascinated historians. Even while the documents remained elusive, scholars continually mentioned the potential to acquire Whiteness as a provocative marker of the historic differences between Anglo and Latin American treatments of race. Purchasing Whiteness explores the fascinating details of 40 cases of whitening petitions, tracking thousands of pages of ensuing conversations as petitioners, royal officials, and local elites disputed not only whether the state should grant full whiteness to deserving individuals, but whether selective prejudices against the castas should cease.
Purchasing Whiteness contextualizes the history of the gracias al sacar within the broader framework of three centuries of mixed race efforts to end discrimination. It identifies those historic variables that structured the potential for mobility as Africans moved from slavery to freedom, mixed with Natives and Whites, and transformed later generations into vassals worthy of royal favor. By examining this history of pardo and mulatto mobility, the author provides striking insight into those uniquely characteristic and deeply embedded pathways through which the Hispanic world negotiated processes of inclusion and exclusion.
Table of Content
1. Conclusions: A Century of Historiography
2. Introductions: Alternative Approaches
3. Interstices: Seeking Spaces for Mobility
4. Connections: Genealogical Mathematics
5. Benchmarks: Commoditizing Whiteness, Cuba and Panama.
6. Balances: Weighing the Price of Whiteness
7. Exceptions: The Venezuelan Cluster
8. Opportunities: Whitening, the First Year 1795-1796
9. Dissentions and Discords: 1796-1803
10. Denouements 1803-1806
11. Recalibrations: The Mystery Consulta and the Cortes: 1806-1810
12. Evolutions: Vassals to Citizens? .
13. Retrospectives: Tidbits, Chunks, and Conclusions
About the author
Ann Twinam is Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. She is the author of
Miners, Merchants, and Farmers in Colonial Colombia (University of Texas Press, 1982) and of
Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America (Stanford University Press, 1999). This latter book won the Thomas F. Mc Gann Prize and was runner up for the Bolton Prize.
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