Our aim is to study ordinary di?erential equations or simply di?erential s- tems in two real variables x ? = P(x, y), (0.1) y? = Q(x, y), r 2 where P and Q are C functions de?ned on an open subset U of R , with ? r=1, 2, …, ?, ?.Asusual C standsforanalyticity.Weputspecialemphasis onto polynomial di?erential systems, i.e., on systems (0.1) where P and Q are polynomials. Instead of talking about the di?erential system (0.1), we frequently talk about its associated vector ?eld ? ? X = P(x, y) +Q(x, y) (0.2) ?x ?y 2 on U? R . This will enable a coordinate-free approach, which is typical in thetheoryofdynamicalsystems.Anotherwayexpressingthevector?eldisby writingitas X=(P, Q).Infact, wedonotdistinguishbetweenthedi?erential system (0.1) and its vector ?eld (0.2). Almost all the notions and results that we present for two-dimensional di?erential systems can be generalized to higher dimensions and manifolds; but our goal is not to present them in general, we want to develop all these notions and results in dimension 2. We would like this book to be a nice introduction to the qualitative theory of di?erential equations in the plane, providing simultaneously the major part of concepts and ideas for developing a similar theory on more general surfaces and in higher dimensions. Except in very limited cases we do not deal with bifurcations, but focus on the study of individual systems.
المزيد من الكتب الإلكترونية من نفس المؤلف (المؤلفين) / محرر
48٬853 كتب إلكترونية في هذه الفئة
