This volume includes five chapters, each detailing recent advances in genetics research. Chapter One discusses the possible evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of sex chromosomes and the current theories that explain the mechanisms involved in their evolution. Chapter Two describes the identified genes and risk loci that may be involved in the pathogenesis of syndromic and nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate. Chapter Three compares the public image of the Human Genome Project in Greece to that of the US and North-Central Europe. Chapter Four uses genotyping to identify a subset of the Irish population expected to maximally benefit from the biological effects of broccoli consumption. Finally, Chapter Five focuses on recent advances in understanding of the genetics of Brugada syndrome.