This volume, comprised of six chapters, presents some of the latest advancements in medicine and biology research. Chapter One investigates six linear traits of three species of beetles in the Southern Siberian and North Caucasus mountains. Chapter Two analyzes the efficiency of surgical treatment of tuberculosis, which remained common in Russia despite the development of efficient and less invasive drug therapies. Chapter Three summarizes the literature on temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis. Chapter Four discusses the neuroprotective effects of some of the most used nutraceutical compounds and their possible future neuro-therapeutic role. Chapter Five examines the neurological differences in emotional processing between males and females. Lastly, Chapter Six assesses sexual dimorphism using the Num Py library for the Python programming language by creating digital analog arrays of the histochemical activity of the acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and peroxidase using the example of sebaceous and eccrine glands of the skin of male and female Norway rats.