Prashant Ranjan & Dharmendra Kumar Jhariya 
Next-Generation Antennas [PDF ebook] 
Advances and Challenges

Preface xiii

1 Different Types of Microstrip Filters for UWB Communication 1
Prashant Ranjan, Krishna Kumar, Sachin Kumar Pal and Rachna Shah

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Previous Work 2

1.2.1 Multiband Microwave Filter for a Wireless Communication System 2

1.2.2 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter 5

1.2.3 Ultra-Wideband Filter with Notch Band Characteristic 10

1.3 Conclusions 16

References 17

2 Design, Isolation Analysis, and Characterization of 2×2/4×4 MIMO Antennas for High-Speed Wireless Applications 23
Manish Sharma, Rajeev Kumar and Preet Kaur

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Understanding 2×2 MIMO Antenna Configuration 25

2.3 Diversity Performance Analysis of 2×2 UWB-MIMO/Dual-Polarization/UWB: Single, Dual, Triple, and Four Notched Bands 32

2.4 4×4 MIMO Antenna 39

2.5 Conclusions 40

References 41

3 Various Antenna Array Designs Using Scilab Software: An Exploratory Study 49
V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli and Praveena A

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Scilab: An Open-Source Software Solution 51

3.3 Antenna Array Design Using Scilab: Codes and Results 52

3.4 Conclusions 57

References 58

4 Conformal Wearable Antenna Design, Implementation and Challenges 61
Brajlata Chauhan, Vivek Kumar Srivastava, Amrindra Pal and Sandip Vijay

4.1 Introduction 62

4.2 Conformal Antenna 63

4.2.1 Singly Curved Surfaces 63

4.3 Characteristics of Conformal Antenna 64

4.3.1 Radiation Pattern 64

4.3.2 Scan-Invariant Pattern 65

4.3.3 Phase-Scanned Pattern 65

4.3.4 Polarization 65

4.4 Design Methodology – Antenna Modeling 66

4.4.1 Overview 66

4.4.2 Geometry and Calculation of Planar MSA 66

4.4.3 Calculated and Optimized Value of Antenna 69

4.5 Wearable Conformal Antenna 69

4.5.1 Wearable Technology 71

4.5.2 Wearable Devices for Medical Systems 72

4.5.3 Wearable Medical Devices Applications 72

4.5.4 Measurement of Human Body Temperature 73

4.5.5 Measurement of Blood Pressure 73

4.5.6 Measurement of Heart Rate 73

4.5.7 Measurement of Respiration Rate 74

4.5.8 Measurement of Sweat Rate 74

4.5.9 Measurement of Human Gait 74

4.6 Textile and Cloth Fabric Wearable Antennas 76

4.6.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 76

4.6.2 Interaction with Human Body 77

4.6.3 Wearable Devices Tracking and Monitoring Doctors 77

4.6.4 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) 78

4.7 Design of Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP) Based Wearable Antenna 79

4.7.1 Dimensions of the Proposed Model 80

4.7.2 Slot Loaded Ground: (Defective Ground Structure – DGS) 80

4.7.3 Radiation Characteristics 81

4.8 Result Discussion and Analysis 82

4.9 Challenges and Future Needs 83

4.10 Conclusion 83

References 85

5 Design and Analysis of On-Body Wearable Antenna with AMC Backing for ISM Band Applications 91
B Prudhvi Nadh and B T P Madhav

5.1 Introduction 92

5.2 Design of Star-Shape with AMC Backed Structure 92

5.2.1 Characterization of AMC Unit Cell 94

5.3 Discussion of Results of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Structure 95

5.3.1 Bending Analysis of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Backed Structure 96

5.4 On-body Placement Analysis of Proposed Antenna with AMC Structure 97

5.4.1 Specific Absorption Rate Analysis 97

5.4.2 On-Body Gain of the Star-Shaped Antenna With and Without AMC 98

5.4.3 Far-Field Characteristics of An Antenna 99

5.5 Transmitting Signal Strength 100

5.6 Conclusion 101

References 101

6 Antenna Miniaturization for Io T Applications 105
Sandip Vijay and Brajlata Chauhan

6.1 Introduction 106

6.2 Issues in Antenna Miniaturization 108

6.3 Antenna for Io T Applications 109

6.4 Miniaturize Reconfigurable Antenna for Io T 112

6.5 Conclusion & Future Work 114

References 114

7 Modified Circular-Shaped Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Utilities 119
Manpreet Kaur, Jagtar Singh Sivia and Navneet Kaur

7.1 Overview of Wireless Communication 120

7.2 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antenna 120

7.3 Literature Review 122

7.4 Design and Implementation of Projected Antenna 124

7.5 Results and Discussion 126

7.5.1 Scattering Parameters (S11) 126

7.5.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 127

7.5.3 Bandwidth 128

7.5.4 Gain 128

7.5.5 Radiation Pattern 130

7.5.6 Surface Current Distribution 132

7.5.7 Axial Ratio 132

7.5.8 Group Delay 132

7.6 Parametric Analysis 132

7.6.1 Effect of Parameter ‘RP’ 134

7.6.2 Effect of Parameter ‘Fw’ 135

7.6.3 Effect of Parameter ‘LPG’ 135

7.6.4 Effect of Different Substrate Materials 135

7.7 Summary 138

References 138

8 Reconfigurable Antenna for Cognitive Radio System 143
Dr. Swapnil Srivastava, Vinay Singh and Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Gupta

8.1 Introduction 143

8.2 Antenna 144

8.3 Antenna Reconfigurations 146

8.4 Uses and Drawbacks of Reconfigurable Antenna 146

8.5 Spectrum Access and Cognitive Radio 147

8.6 Cognitive Radio 147

8.7 Spectrum Sensing and Allocation 147

8.8 Results and Discussion 149

8.9 Conclusions 153

References 154

9 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna: Advancement and Challenges 155
Prashant Ranjan, Krishna Kumar, Sachin Kumar Pal and Rachna Shah

9.1 Introduction 155

9.2 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna 156

9.3 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna with Notch Band Characteristic 159

9.4 Conclusions 162

References 163

10 UWB and Multiband Reconfigurable Antennas 165
Manish Sharma, Rajeev Kumar and Preet Kaur

10.1 Introduction 166

10.2 Need for Reconfigurable Antennas 167

10.3 RF PIN Diode and MEMS Switch as Switching Devices 168

10.4 Triple Notched Band Reconfigurable Antenna 171

10.5 Tri-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna 180

10.6 Conclusions 180

References 181

11 Io T World Communication through Antenna Propagation with Emerging Design Analysis Features 185
E.B. Priyanka and S. Thangavel

11.1 Introduction 186

11.2 Design and Parameter Analysis of Multi-Input Multi-Output Antennas 188

11.3 Measurement Analysis in 3D Pattern with Io T Module 190

11.4 Comparison of Antenna Design Concerning the Io T Data Transmission 193

11.5 Conclusions 196

Acknowledgement 197

References 197

12 Reconfigurable Antennas 203
Dr. K Suman

12.1 Introduction 203

12.2 Reconfigurability of Antenna 205

12.2.1 Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas (FRAs) 205

12.2.1.1 Continuous Tuning 206

12.2.1.2 Discrete Tuning 206

12.3 Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 207

12.3.1 Polarization RA with Single Band 207

12.3.2 Dual-Band Polarization RA 208

12.3.3 Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 209

12.3.4 Main-Beam Shape 209

12.3.5 Main Beam Scanning 209

12.4 Compound Reconfigurable Antennas (RAs) 210

12.5 Reconfigurable Leaky Wave Antennas 211

12.6 Reconfigurable Antennas – Applications in Wireless Communication 212

12.6.1 Reconfigurable Antennas – MIMO Communication Systems 212

12.6.2 Reconfigurable Antennas – Mobile Terminals 213

12.6.3 Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio Applications 213

12.6.4 Reconfigurable Antennas – MIMO-Based Cognitive Radio Applications 214

12.6.5 Reconfigurable Antennas – WLAN Band Rejection 215

12.6.6 Reconfigurable Antennas – Wireless Sensing 215

12.6.7 Reconfigurable Antennas – Terahertz (THz) Communication Applications 216

12.6.8 Reconfigurable Antennas – Millimeter-Wave Communication Applications 216

12.7 Optimization, Control, and Modeling of Reconfigurable Antennas 217

12.8 Conclusions 218

References 219

13 Design of Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Antennas for Microwave Imaging Applications 221
Dr. J. Vijayalakshmi and Dr. V. Dinesh

13.1 Introduction 222

13.1.1 Ultra-Wideband Antennas (UWB) 222

13.2 Microwave Imaging 224

13.3 Antenna Design Implementation 226

13.3.1 Design of Reflector-Based Antipodal Bowtie Antenna 226

13.3.2 Fabrication of Slotted Bowtie Antenna with Reflector Prototype 228

13.3.3 Parametric Study on the Effect of Slot in the Bowtie Antenna 229

13.3.4 Radiation Pattern 232

13.4 Design of a UWB-Based Compact Rectangular Antenna 232

13.4.1 Parametric Results of the Strip Attached at the Top of the Antenna 233

13.4.2 Effect of Inserting Slot L1 x W1 and Location of the Slot ds 236

13.4.3 Effect of Varying the Length of Slot L2 and L3 237

13.4.4 Performance Comparison of the Measured and Simulated Results of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna 238

13.4.5 Radiation Characteristic of the Proposed Miniaturized UWB Antenna 240

13.5 Validation of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 240

13.5.1 Validation of the Staircase UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 242

13.5.2 MUSIC Beamforming Algorithm 243

13.5.3 Estimation of DOA Using MUSIC Algorithm 246

13.6 Conclusions 247

References 248

14 Joint Transmit and Receive MIMO Beamforming in Multiuser MIMO Communications 251
Muhammad Moinuddin, Jawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Zubair and Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi

14.1 Introduction 252

14.2 System Model: Proposed Mimo Beamforming Architecture 253

14.3 Mimo Beamforming Based on Generalized Least Mean (GLM) Algorithm 254

14.3.1 Update of the Receive Weight Vector 255

14.3.2 Update of Transmit Weight Vector 255

14.4 Mean and Mean Square Stability of the GLM 255

14.5 Simulation Results 256

14.5.1 Effect of K on the MSE 257

14.5.2 Effect of μ on the MSE 257

14.5.3 Effect of M and N on the MSE 258

14.5.4 Effect of SNR on the MSE 258

14.5.5 Effect of SNR on Bit Error Rate 259

14.6 Summary 260

References 260

15 Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Equalizer Design for Multiuser MIMO System 263
Muhammad Moinuddin, Jawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Zubair and Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi

15.1 Introduction 264

15.2 Related Literature Review 264

15.3 System Model 265

15.4 Derivation for the Probability of Error 267

15.5 Design of Adaptive Equalizer by Minimizing BER 270

15.5.1 Interior Point Approach 270

15.5.2 Stochastic Gradient Approach 270

15.6 Simulation Results 273

15.7 Summary 274

References 275

Index 279

Prashant Ranjan, Ph D, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Engineering and Management Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He earned his masters and doctorate from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has more than four years of teaching experience and has published numerous research papers in international journals and conferences. He has also served as a reviewer for a number of technical journals and conferences.
Dharmendra Kumar Jhariya, Ph D, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication, National Institute of Technology Delhi, India. He earned his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. He has more than five years of teaching experience and has published numerous research papers in international scientific journals and conferences.
Manoj Gupta, Ph D, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JECRC University, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. He has over fifteen years of teaching experience and has published many research papers in scientific journals and conferences. He has contributed numerous book chapters to edited volumes and has four patents to his credit. He is the Editor in Chief of the book series “Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering, ” from Scrivener Publishing, and he is editor in chief of a book series by another publisher. He is an editor, associate editor, and reviewer for many international technical journals and has received numerous awards.
Er. Krishna Kumar is a research and development engineer at UJVN Limited and is pursuing his Ph D from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. He has more than eleven years of experience in this field and has published numerous research papers in international journals and conferences from well-respected publishers.
Pradeep Kumar, Ph D, has over fourteen years of teaching experience and is working with the University of Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. He is the co-editor in chief of the book series “Advances in Antenna, Microwave, and Communication Engineering, ” from Scrivener Publishing and has received numerous awards and fellowships. He is also the author of more than 90 research papers published in various peer-reviewed scientific journals and conferences and a reviewer for many journals and conferences.