In ‘Luck, or Cunning, as the Main Means of Organic Modification, ‘ Samuel Butler examines the intricate interplay between chance and design in the evolution of species. Written in Butler’s characteristic satirical style, the book critiques the deterministic views of Darwinian evolution, positing that both luck and cunning play pivotal roles in the modification of organic life. The text carefully navigates the philosophical underpinnings of natural selection and blends literary wit with scientific inquiry, creating a thought-provoking narrative that challenges established notions within the Victorian scientific context. Samuel Butler, a 19th-century novelist, cultural critic, and philosopher, was deeply influenced by his own experiences and observations of the natural world. His critique of established institutions, including religion and science, emerged from his belief in the importance of individuality and creativity. Butler’s exposure to both the literary circles of his time and the burgeoning debates in evolutionary biology shaped this work, reflecting his conviction that evolution is an amalgamation of unpredictable chance and deliberate adaptation, rather than mere survival of the fittest. This book is highly recommended for anyone interested in the intersections of literature, philosophy, and science. Butler’s compelling arguments and engaging prose invite readers to reconsider the complexities of evolution while providing a fresh perspective that remains relevant in contemporary discussions of natural history and adaptation.