Recent reports by congressional commissions and others have increased congressional attention to the threat of bioterrorism. These efforts have been developed as part of and in parallel with other defenses against conventional terrorism. The continued attempts by terrorist groups to launch attacks targeted at U.S. citizens have increased concerns that federal counterterrorism activities are insufficient in the fight against the threat. Congressional policymakers will likely be faced with many difficult choices about the priority of maintaining, shrinking, or expanding existing programs versus creating new programs to address identified deficiencies. This book explores U.S. bioterrorism countermeasure developments, Project Bio Shield, and the Department of Homeland Security’s Biosurveillance initiatives.