Safeguarding children is one of our nation’s foremost obligations. We have both a fundamental duty to protect individual children from undue risk during research and an obligation to protect all children during an emergency-to the extent ethically and practically possible-by being prepared both with the fruits of scientifically and ethically sound research and with a fulsome national readiness to respond. This book discusses safeguarding children and the challenges in the use of anthrax vaccine adsorbed in the pediatric population as a component of post-exposure prophylaxis.