The Symposium on Vertical Reference Systems (Ve Re S) was initiated on the occasion of the XXII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Birmingham 1999, by Professor Dr. Wolfgang Torge, Past President of the International Association of Geodesy (l AG) and representative of l AG to the Pan-American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH). The idea was to organise another joint symposium of l AG and PAIGH like the previous one held during the XX IUGG General Assembly at Vienna, Austria, in 1991. Good reasons for such a joint symposium were the great success and the ongoing activities of the Project on the South American Geocentric Reference System (Sistema de Referencia Geocentrico para America del Sur, SIRGAS) being sponsored by l AG and PAIGH since 1993. The SIR GAS Project (Working Group I) had presented a continental South American reference frame of 58 stations during the l AG Scientific Assembly at Rio de Janeiro, in 1997. This reference frame was already adopted by several South American countries as the basis for their new national horizontal geodetic datums (SIRGAS Working Group II). To overcome the problems of the heterogeneous vertical (height) datums between the individual countries, SIRGAS had installed its Working Group III "Vertical Datum" in 1997. As the discussion on the unification of vertical reference systems is also going on in l AG and other bodies of science and practice, it was decided to dedicate the symposium to this topic.
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