Autor: Alvin W. Czanderna

With the development in the 1960s of ultrahigh vacuum equipment and techniques and electron, X-ray, and ion beam techniques to determine the structure and composition of interfaces, activities in the …

Many books are available that detail the basic principles of the different methods of surface characterization. On the other hand, the scientific literature provides a resource of how individual piec …

Determining the elemental composition of surfaces is an essential measurement in characterizing solid surfaces. At present, many ap- proaches may be applied for measuring the elemental and molecular …

– 2 real examples demonstrate how to obtain the service life of solar collector systems- Durable, providing fundamentals that will continue to be valuable over the next 5-10 years- Lighting a pathway …