Green Solvents, Volume 5 [EPUB ebook] 
Reactions in Water

THE PRINCIPLES OF AND REASONS FOR USING WATER AS A SOLVENT FOR GREEN CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Binding Two Species Together Driven by the Hydrophobic Effect in Water
Aromatic Chlorination
Acylation of Cyclodextrins by a Bound Ester
Mimics of Metalloenzymes Using the Hydrophobic Effect in Water
Mimics of the Enzyme Ribonuclease
Mimics of Enzymes that Use Pyridoxamine Phosphate and Pyridoxal Phosphate as Coenzymes
Artificial Enzymes Carrying Mimics of Thiamine Pyrophosphate
Enolizations and Aldol Condensations
Hydrophobic Acceleration of Diels-Alder Reactions
Selectivities in Water Induced by the Hydrophobic Effect –
Carbonyl Reductions
Selectivities in Water Induced by the Hydrophobic Effect –
Oxidations
Using Hydrophobic Effects in Water to Determine the Geometries of Transition States for Some Important Reactions
Conclusion
GREEN ACID CATALYSIS IN WATER
Introduction
Lewis Acids in Water
Chiral Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions in Water
Bronsted Acid Catalysis in Pure Water
Conclusion and Perspective
GREEN BASES IN WATER
Introduction
Types of Bases and Their Use from a Green Point of View
Liquid-Liquid Processes
Solid-Liquid Processes
GREEN OXIDATION IN WATER
Introduction
Water-Soluble Ligands
Oxidations Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins and Metallophthalocyanines
Epoxidation and Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Aqueous Media
Alcohol Oxidations in Aqueous Media
Aldehyde and Ketone Oxidations in Water
Sulfoxidations in Water
Conclusion
GREEN REDUCTION IN WATER
Introduction
Water-Soluble Ligands
Hydrogenation in Water
Transfer Hydrogenation in Water
Role of Water
Conclusion
COUPLING REACTIONS IN WATER
Introduction
Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds and Derivatives
Reaction of Alkenes and Alkynes
Reaction of Organic Halides and Derivatives
Conclusion
‚ON WATER‘ FOR GREEN CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Pericyclic Reactions
Addition of Heteronucleophiles to Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reactions
Coupling Reactions
Oxidation
Bromination Reactions
Miscellaneous Reactions
Theoretical Studies
Conclusion
PERICYCLIC REACTIONS IN WATER. TOWARD GREEN CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Pericyclic Reaction in Aqueous Media
Conclusion
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR GREEN SYNTHESIS IN WATER (MICROWAVE, ULTRASOUND, AND PHOTO)
Introduction
MW-Assisted Organic Transformations in Aqueous Media
Sonochemical Organic Transformations in Aqueous Media
Photochemical Transformations in Aqueous Media
Conclusion
FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN WATER
Introduction
C-C Bond Formation Reactions
C-N Bond Formation Reactions
Functionalization of Hydroxy Groups
Clyco-Organic Substrates and Reactions in Aqueous Sugar Solutions
Conclusion
WATER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS FOR GREEN CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Background
Recent Progress in HTW Synthesis
WATER AS A GREEN SOLVENT FOR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
Introduction –
Is Water a Green Solvent?
Water-Based Enzymatic Processes
Processes in Which the Product is Isolated by p H Adjustment to the Isoelectric Point
Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Cross-Coupling Reactions in Water
Pharmaceutical Processes Using Mixed Aqueous Solvents
Conclusion
WATER AS A GREEN SOLVENT FOR BULK CHEMICALS
Introduction
Hydroformylation –
An Overview
Water as Solvent for Hydroformylation
Water as Solvent in the Production of 2, 7-Octadien-1-ol (Kurayray Process)
Conclusion

Paul T. Anastas joined Yale University as Professor and iserves as the Director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale. From 2004-2006, Paul Anastas has been the Director of the Green Chemistry Institute in Washington, D.C. Until June of 2004 he served as Assistant Director for Environment at e White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where his responsibilities included a wide range of environmental science issues including furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of Science for Sustainability such as Green Chemistry. In 1991, he established the industry-government-university partnership Green Chemistry Program, which was expanded to include basic research, and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. He has published and edited several books in the field of Green Chemistry and developed the 12 principles of Green Chemistry.