This International Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology covers both theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical tools and techniques for their implementation and application. Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computational complexity theory, study the properties of computational problems, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results. However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. The ten volumes are focused on Algorithms and Data Structures; Artificial Intelligence; Computer Applications and Networks; Computer Design and Programming Languages; Computer Elements and Systems Architecture; Computer Graphics; Computer Scanner and Antivirus Programmes; Computer Security and Databases; Computer Storage Devices and; Digital Processing and Multiprocessing.