Zbigniew Michalewicz 
Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs [PDF ebook] 

‚What does your Master teach?‘ asked a visitor. ‚Nothing, ‚ said the disciple. ‚Then why does he give discourses?‘ ‚He only points the way – he teaches nothing.‘ Anthony de Mello, One Minute Wisdom During the last three decades there has been a growing interest in algorithms which rely on analogies to natural processes. The emergence of massively par- allel computers made these algorithms of practical interest. The best known algorithms in this class include evolutionary programming, genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, simulated annealing, classifier systems, and neural net- works. Recently (1-3 October 1990) the University of Dortmund, Germany, hosted the First Workshop on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature [164]. This book discusses a subclass of these algorithms – those which are based on the principle of evolution (survival of the fittest). In such algorithms a popu- lation of individuals (potential solutions) undergoes a sequence of unary (muta- tion type) and higher order (crossover type) transformations. These individuals strive for survival: a selection scheme, biased towards fitter individuals, selects the next generation. After some number of generations, the program converges – the best individual hopefully represents the optimum solution. There are many different algorithms in this category. To underline the sim- ilarities between them we use the common term "evolution programs" .