Catherine Russell 
When a Woman Ascends the Stairs (Onna ga kaidan o agaru toki) [PDF ebook] 

Mikio Naruse’s When A Woman Ascends The Stairs (1960) combines high melodrama with modernist film language, telling the story of Keiko, a bar hostess struggling to succeed in Tokyo’s Ginza district. Catherine Russell’s study of the film provides an in-depth analysis of Naruse’s distinctive filmmaking, from his use of two-shots in confined spaces, unique lighting techniques, and his "invisible" and "rhythmic" editing style. She analyses the recurring motif of a woman’s white-stockinged feet climbing stairs, considering how this symbolizes the social dynamics of the high-class Japanese sex industry that sustains hostess bar culture. Russell goes on to argue that the film is a late woman’s film which engages with the institutional barriers to woman’s success in postwar Japan. She situates the film within the trajectory of Naruse’s career and analyses how his social critique is balanced with an aestheticization of a harsh and brutally gendered world, creating an affective tension that is symptomatic of Naruse’s own position as an industrial worker.