Half a century ago, Britain abandoned Aden, its last colonial outpost in the Arab world as itsattempt to establish a new polity foundered amid a rising tide of Arab nationalism, tribalinfighting and anti-colonial sentiment that eventually gave rise to the establishment of South Yemen. Yet just over three years later in 1971, a new state, the United Arab Emirates, emerged in Arabia, formed from the old Trucial states over which Britain had long heldsway. At a time when state failure and fragmentation has become synonymous with muchof the Middle East and where the very idea of sovereignty and legitimacy have becomecontested issues, this comparative historical study of the varied British attempts at statecreation on the Arabian peninsula offers important insights into the limits of external ambition, as well as the possibilities that great power retrenchment offered to the peoples of theregion. The legacy of British influence in Aden and Abu Dhabi still very much resonatestoday; this volume explains why.This book was originally published as a special issue of Middle Eastern Studies.