Itzhak Gilboa & Larry Samuelson 
Analogies and Theories [PDF ebook] 
Formal Models of Reasoning

The book describes formal models of reasoning that are aimed at capturing the way that economic agents, and decision makers in general think about their environment and make predictions based on their past experience. The focus is on analogies (case-based reasoning) and general theories (rule-based reasoning), and on the interaction between them, as well as between them and Bayesian reasoning. A unified approach allows one to study the dynamics of inductivereasoning in terms of the mode of reasoning that is used to generate predictions.