Peter Nijkamp has for many years been Walter Isard’s colleague on the European side of the regional science community. He has published extensively on quantitative regional science issues.
Adam Rose was Walter’s first Economics Ph D student at Cornell University. He has taught at the University of California Riverside, West Virginia University, Pennsylvania State University, and University of Southern California. In addition to regional science, his major areas of research are energy and environmental economics, and the economics of natural disasters and terrorism.
Karima Kourtit is a researcher with a profound interest in regional science topics. Her main research interest focuses on the emerging ‘New Urban World’.
93 Ebooks de Peter Nijkamp
Peter Nijkamp & Adam Rose: Regional Science Matters
This volume is a collection of fresh and novel contributions to regional science. They commemorate the scientific inheritance of the founding father of regional science, the late Walter Isard. All p …
PDF
Inglés
€96.29
Álvaro Matias & Peter Nijkamp: Impact Assessment in Tourism Economics
This book presents a series of studies on the socio-economic impacts of tourism, with a special focus on the determinants of tourism competitiveness at the destination level. The authors offer a syst …
PDF
Inglés
€139.09
Amitrajeet A. Batabyal & Peter Nijkamp: Regional Growth and Sustainable Development in Asia
This book addresses two general questions that have arisen as a result of the uneven rise of the various Asian economies in contemporary times. First, to lift people out of poverty and to improve the …
PDF
Inglés
€117.69
Francesca Romana Medda & Francesco Caravelli: Collaborative Approach to Trade
This book applies regional analysis to the challenges facing global investment agencies seeking to enhance trade in lagging regions. It shows how spatial interaction and agent-based modelling can be …
PDF
Inglés
€117.69
Roger R. Stough & Karima Kourtit: Modelling Aging and Migration Effects on Spatial Labor Markets
The aging and migration megatrends and their impact on spatial – regional and local – labor market performance is the core theme of this book, and thus together define its scope and focus …
PDF
Inglés
€181.89
Aura Reggiani & Peter Nijkamp: Complexity and Spatial Networks
Complex systems analysis has become a fascinating topic in modern research on non-linear dynamics, not only in the physical sciences but also in the life sciences and the social sciences. After the e …
PDF
Inglés
€96.29
Peter Nijkamp & Iulia Siedschlag: Innovation, Growth and Competitiveness
This book investigates dynamic regions in the context of greater global interaction in a world economy increasingly driven by knowledge and innovation. It offers novel empirical evidence on the under …
PDF
Inglés
€149.79
Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp: Drivers of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Regional Dynamics
The need for informed and effective insights into key concepts and models of regional development and growth, from an endogenous growth perspective, has risen over the past decade. These recent advan …
PDF
Inglés
€149.79
Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp: Applied Regional Growth and Innovation Models
Modern spatial-economic systems exhibit a high degree of dynamics as a result of technological progress, demographic evolution or global change. In the past decade, an avalanche of new regional econo …
PDF
Inglés
€96.29
Álvaro Matias & Peter Nijkamp: Advances in Modern Tourism Research
Modern Advances in Tourism Research provides a thorough assessment of state-of-the-art academic research in this recent field of economic science. The authors start by scoping the scene of tourism re …
PDF
Inglés
€96.29
Álvaro Matias & Peter Nijkamp: Advances in Tourism Economics
‘Advances in Tourism Economics’ follows his predecessor ‘Advances in Modern Tourism Research’ (2007) in providing a thorough assessment of state-of-the-art economic research in this rapidly developin …
PDF
Inglés
€128.39
Álvaro Matias & Peter Nijkamp: Tourism Economics
The assessment of local, regional or national impacts of an influx of tourists – of different kind and origin – has in recent years become a new challenge for economics research in the tourism sector …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€96.29
Álvaro Matias & Peter Nijkamp: Quantitative Methods in Tourism Economics
Tourism economics is partly based on established principles from the economics discipline, but it also incorporates elements from sociology, psychology, organization theory and ecology. It has over t …
PDF
Inglés
€149.79
Soushi Suzuki & Peter Nijkamp: Regional Performance Measurement and Improvement
This is the first book to fully introduce a newly developed distance friction minimization (DFM) model, which is one of the new efficiency improvement projection approaches in data envelopment analys …
PDF
Inglés
€106.99
Amitrajeet A. Batabyal & Yoshiro Higano: Disease, Human Health, and Regional Growth and Development in Asia
This book brings together new studies on regional disparities in the provision and maintenance of health in Asia. Specifically, the individual chapters shed light on the various health challenges tha …
PDF
Inglés
€96.29
Amitrajeet A Batabyal & Peter Nijkamp: Research Tools In Natural Resource And Environmental Economics
A collection of scholarly accounts and articles written by recognized experts in environmental economics, this book is the first of its kind and as a valuable reference and textual source for graduat …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€229.99
Amitrajeet A Batabyal & Peter Nijkamp: REGION AND TRADE, THE: NEW ANALYTICAL DIRECTIONS
Although international trade has been much studied by both economists and regional scientists, the nature, causes, and the consequences of interregional trade, i.e., trade between regions within coun …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€54.99
Marcus Enoch & Peter Nijkamp: Unfare Solutions
Transport policy is an increasingly difficult area for all national governments and regional/local authorities. Tackling car use and realising a sustainable transport system appears to be very diffic …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€95.87
Mark Deakin & Gordon Mitchell: Sustainable Urban Development Volume 2
In this book, the second of a three-volume series, leading authorities on the methodology of environmental assessment provide a unique insight into questions of critical importance to sustainable urb …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€44.46
Michel Beuthe & Peter Nijkamp: New Contributions to Transportation Analysis in Europe
First published in 1999, this volume responded to the drastic fluctuations in policy changes within the European Union and explored the potential for the various transportation framework programmes f …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€37.30
Michel Beuthe & Peter Nijkamp: New Contributions to Transportation Analysis in Europe
First published in 1999, this volume responded to the drastic fluctuations in policy changes within the European Union and explored the potential for the various transportation framework programmes f …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€37.29
Veli Himanen & Peter Nijkamp: Neural Networks in Transport Applications
First published in 1998, this volume enters the debate on human behaviour in the form of neural networks in a spatial context. As most transportation research techniques had been developed in the 196 …
EPUB
DRM
€29.47
Veli Himanen & Peter Nijkamp: Neural Networks in Transport Applications
First published in 1998, this volume enters the debate on human behaviour in the form of neural networks in a spatial context. As most transportation research techniques had been developed in the 196 …
PDF
DRM
€29.48
Cees Gorter & Peter Nijkamp: Crossing Borders
Published in 1998. Migration patterns at the global level have become more complex, affecting more countries, more people and for a greater variety of reasons. Consequently, international migration i …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€42.13
Cees Gorter & Peter Nijkamp: Crossing Borders
Published in 1998. Migration patterns at the global level have become more complex, affecting more countries, more people and for a greater variety of reasons. Consequently, international migration i …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€42.30
Peter Nijkamp & Adriaan Perrels: Sustainable Cities in Europe
Although urbanization steadily increases, many modern cities are finding the accommodation of their populations an increasingly difficult task. Planners and policy-makers battling to alleviate the pr …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€56.16
Peter Nijkamp & Adriaan Perrels: Sustainable Cities in Europe
Although urbanization steadily increases, many modern cities are finding the accommodation of their populations an increasingly difficult task. Planners and policy-makers battling to alleviate the pr …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€56.50
Peter Nijkamp & Adriaan Perrels: Sustainable Cities in Europe
Worldwide, urbanization is steadily increasing, yet many modern cities are becoming less and less able to accommodate the growth in their population. Congestion, pollution, low-quality housing, socia …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€55.79
Peter Nijkamp & Adriaan Perrels: Sustainable Cities in Europe
Worldwide, urbanization is steadily increasing, yet many modern cities are becoming less and less able to accommodate the growth in their population. Congestion, pollution, low-quality housing, socia …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€56.19
Marcus Enoch & Peter Nijkamp: Unfare Solutions
Transport policy is an increasingly difficult area for all national governments and regional/local authorities. Tackling car use and realising a sustainable transport system appears to be very diffic …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€56.08
Marcus Enoch & Peter Nijkamp: Unfare Solutions
Transport policy is an increasingly difficult area for all national governments and regional/local authorities. Tackling car use and realising a sustainable transport system appears to be very diffic …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€56.40
Mark Deakin & Gordon Mitchell: Sustainable Urban Development Volume 2
In this book, the second of a three-volume series, leading authorities on the methodology of environmental assessment provide a unique insight into questions of critical importance to sustainable urb …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€75.91
Mark Deakin & Gordon Mitchell: Sustainable Urban Development Volume 2
In this book, the second of a three-volume series, leading authorities on the methodology of environmental assessment provide a unique insight into questions of critical importance to sustainable urb …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€74.81
Maria Giaoutzi & Peter Nijkamp: Small and Medium Size Enterprises and Regional Development
This book, originally published in 1988, analyzes the regional importance of small and medium sized enterprises, supplmenting a discussion of key issues in both regional development and th eeconomics …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€31.76
Maria Giaoutzi & Peter Nijkamp: Small and Medium Size Enterprises and Regional Development
This book, originally published in 1988, analyzes the regional importance of small and medium sized enterprises, supplmenting a discussion of key issues in both regional development and th eeconomics …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€32.09
Jonas Akerman & David Banister: European Transport Policy and Sustainable Mobility
It is now widely accepted that transport is becoming increasingly unsustainable and that strong policy intervention is required to reduce both the growth in transport demand and the environmental cos …
EPUB
DRM
€70.62
Jonas Akerman & David Banister: European Transport Policy and Sustainable Mobility
It is now widely accepted that transport is becoming increasingly unsustainable and that strong policy intervention is required to reduce both the growth in transport demand and the environmental cos …
PDF
DRM
€70.66
Peter (Alexandru Ioan Casu University, Iasi, Romania . JADS, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands . Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.) Nijkamp & Teresa de Noronha Vaz: Traditional Food Production and Rural Sustainable Development
The worldwide interest in sustainable development has not only prompted ecological developments in policy and research in key sectors such as industry or transportation, but also in the management an …
EPUB
DRM
€42.05
Peter (Alexandru Ioan Casu University, Iasi, Romania . JADS, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands . Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.) Nijkamp & Teresa de Noronha Vaz: Traditional Food Production and Rural Sustainable Development
The worldwide interest in sustainable development has not only prompted ecological developments in policy and research in key sectors such as industry or transportation, but also in the management an …
PDF
DRM
€42.36
Richard Emmerink & Peter Nijkamp: Behavioural and Network Impacts of Driver Information Systems
Originally published in 1999, this volume contains a systematic collection of both theoretical and applied studies on user information systems for road users. It is generally expected that reliable i …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€47.26
Richard Emmerink & Peter Nijkamp: Behavioural and Network Impacts of Driver Information Systems
Originally published in 1999, this volume contains a systematic collection of both theoretical and applied studies on user information systems for road users. It is generally expected that reliable i …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€47.53
John Brotchie & Peter Hall: Future of Urban Form
This book, first published in 1985, explores the ways in which the editors and contributors predicted the urban system, shaped by emerging technologies, would look like, both nationally and internati …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€47.51
John Brotchie & Peter Hall: Future of Urban Form
This book, first published in 1985, explores the ways in which the editors and contributors predicted the urban system, shaped by emerging technologies, would look like, both nationally and internati …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€47.51
Peter Nijkamp: Emerging Economic Geography in EU Accession Countries
This title was first published in 2003. Since 1990, Central and Eastern European countries have experienced increased economic integration with the European Union. The spatial implications of this pr …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€42.44
Peter Nijkamp: Emerging Economic Geography in EU Accession Countries
This title was first published in 2003. Since 1990, Central and Eastern European countries have experienced increased economic integration with the European Union. The spatial implications of this pr …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€42.30
Maria Giaoutzi: Tourism and Regional Development
Tourist visits used to be a less common activity in the past. However, more people than ever now make leisure trips, making this an era of mass tourism. This drastic change in spatial behaviour is no …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€69.16
Maria Giaoutzi: Tourism and Regional Development
Tourist visits used to be a less common activity in the past. However, more people than ever now make leisure trips, making this an era of mass tourism. This drastic change in spatial behaviour is no …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€69.00
Maria Giaoutzi: Network Strategies in Europe
The twenty-first century will be the age of global interaction and organized patterns of networks. This important book addresses the strategic dimensions of networks, especially in transportation and …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€43.65
Maria Giaoutzi: Network Strategies in Europe
The twenty-first century will be the age of global interaction and organized patterns of networks. This important book addresses the strategic dimensions of networks, especially in transportation and …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€43.65
Luigi Fusco Girard & Peter Nijkamp: Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development
With the exponential rise in leisure mobility, tourism has increasingly become of great economic significance. Cultural heritage, such as museums, churches, historical landscapes, urban parks, and ex …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€59.06
Luigi Fusco Girard & Peter Nijkamp: Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development
With the exponential rise in leisure mobility, tourism has increasingly become of great economic significance. Cultural heritage, such as museums, churches, historical landscapes, urban parks, and ex …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€58.73
Zoltan J. Acs & Henri L.F. de Groot: Emergence of the Knowledge Economy
Knowledge has in recent years become a key driver for growth of regions and nations. This volume empirically investigates the emergence of the knowledge economy in the late 20th century from a region …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€166.18
Geoffrey J.D. Hewings & Peter Nijkamp: Information Technology: Social and Spatial Perspectives
The book contains perspectives on the way new informationtechnology might reorient the spatial organization ofactivity. The perspectives range from conceptual, high-lighting the role of research and …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.66
Michael Batty & Bruce G. Hutchinson: Optimization and Discrete Choice in Urban Systems
‘l’he papers contained in this volume were originally presented at the International symposium on New Directions in Urban Systems Modelling held at the University of Waterloo in July, 1983. The paper …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.91
Manfred M. Fischer & Peter Nijkamp: Spatial Dynamics of European Integration
Although it is agreed that the dual development of monetary integration and territorial enlargement are likely to generate profound effects on European spatial structure, in both West and East, much …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€165.39
Cristoforo S. Bertuglia & Silvana Lombardo: Innovative Behaviour in Space and Time
In the past decade there has been growing recognition that economic development is not mainly exogenously determined but, to a large extent, is a transformation process induced and governed by econom …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€57.90
David Boyce & Peter Nijkamp: Regional Science
Regional science, as an integrating discipline for many scientific analyses concerning the element of space, has a remarkable record of achievements in both breadth and depth. The great many scientif …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.08
Manfred M. Fischer & Peter Nijkamp: Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modelling and Policy Evaluation
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide an enhanced environment for spatial data processing. The ability of geographic information systems to handle and analyse spatially referenced data may b …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€57.46
Peter Nijkamp & Aura Reggiani: Interaction, Evolution and Chaos in Space
For many decades scholars from various disciplines have been intrigued by the question whether there are unifying principles or models that have a validity in different disciplines. The building of s …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.92
T.R. Lakshmanan & Peter Nijkamp: Structure and Change in the Space Economy
Analysis of the space economy demands a keen curiosity supported by a rigorous methodology and a strong sense of the problems at hand. However, the blend of these two capabilities is more unusual tha …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.92
Peter Nijkamp & Aura Reggiani: Nonlinear Evolution of Spatial Economic Systems
Is our world more dynamic than it used to be in the past? Have phenomena in the social science field become unpredictable? Are chaotic events nowadays occurring more frequently than in the past? Such …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.94
Harry Coccossis & Peter Nijkamp: Overcoming Isolation
As European countries pursue a common effort towards establishing a European Union, various isolated -and consequently disadvantaged -regions are likely to face increasing competitive pressures due t …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.31
Jeroen C.J.M.van den Bergh & Peter Nijkamp: Recent Advances in Spatial Equilibrium Modelling
Prices and quantities of both stock and flow variables in an economic system are decisively influenced by their spatial coordinates. Any equilibrium state also mirrors the underlying spatial structur …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.52
David Banister & Peter Nijkamp: Telematics and Transport Behaviour
A major strategy to reduce transport congestion and other social costs of transport is to ensure that travellers make the best decisions, based on real time information. A wide range of technological …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.94
Roberta Capello & Peter Nijkamp: Sustainable Cities and Energy Policies
The aim of this book is to highlight the great potential of decentralized (i.e. local or urban) energy policies in achieving environmentally-benign developments for modern cities. Urban sustainabilit …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€166.29
F. Archibugi & Peter Nijkamp: Economy & Ecology: Towards Sustainable Development
After a period of relative silence, recent years have been marked by an upswing of interest in environmental issues. The publication of the report of the World Commission on Environment and Developme …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€228.81
E.W. Blaas & Peter Nijkamp: Impact Assessment and Evaluation in Transportation Planning
Impact Assessment and Evaluation in Transportation Planning contains a refreshing approach to transportation planning by integrating impact analysis and evaluation methodology. It is original in that …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.31
J.C. van den Bergh & Kenneth J. Button: Meta-Analysis in Environmental Economics
Meta-analysis is a formal synthesis of results and findings of scientific studies, which can assist in gaining new insights, explaining differences between results of similar studies, or determine us …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€114.12
E. Beinat & Peter Nijkamp: Multicriteria Analysis for Land-Use Management
The idea of this book started at approximately 33.000 feet, somewhere above the Alps. On our way to a workshop in Venice we had the opportunity of appreciating the different types of landscapes and t …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€230.73
Edward Glaeser & Karima Kourtit: Urban Empires
We live in the ‘urban century’. Cities all over the world – in both developing and developed countries – display complex evolutionary patterns. Urban Empires charts the backgrounds, mechanisms, drive …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€87.96
Edward Glaeser & Karima Kourtit: Urban Empires
We live in the ‘urban century’. Cities all over the world – in both developing and developed countries – display complex evolutionary patterns. Urban Empires charts the backgrounds, mechanisms, drive …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€88.93
Karima Kourtit & Bruce Newbold: The Economic Geography of Cross-Border Migration
This handbook presents a collection of high-quality, authoritative scientific contributions on cross-border migration, written by a carefully selected group of recognized migration experts fro …
PDF
Inglés
€171.19
Amitrajeet A. Batabyal & Yoshiro Higano: Rural–Urban Dichotomies and Spatial Development in Asia
This edited book brings together in one place new studies of rural–urban interactions and their implications for regional growth and development in different regions within Asia. Specifically, the in …
PDF
Inglés
€117.69
Soushi Suzuki & Karima Kourtit: Tourism and Regional Science
This book provides new roads, perspectives, and a synthesis for tourism and regional science research. Tourism has become one of the most dynamic sectors in the economy and has exhibited a structural …
PDF
Inglés
€171.19
Roberta Capello & Peter Nijkamp: Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories
In recent years, economic crises, regional fragmentation trends, radical technological innovation and the failures of regional policies have expanded the knowledge horizon of experts in regional grow …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€61.63
Kamila Borsekova & Peter Nijkamp: Resilience and Urban Disasters
This book addresses unexpected disasters and shocks in cities and urban systems by providing quantitative and qualitative tools for impact analysis and disaster management. Including environmental ca …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€32.13
Masamichi Kawano & Karima Kourtit: Theory and History in Regional Perspective
This collection of essays presents insight and methodology that are highly relevant for readers today as they consider the future of the world they live in. Experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic, people …
PDF
Inglés
€149.79
Manfred M. Fischer & Peter Nijkamp: Handbook of Regional Science
The Handbook of Regional Science is a multi-volume reference work providing state-of-the-art information, prepared by respected scientists in the field. This second edition includes new sections on t …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€1,119.42
Manfred M. Fischer & Peter Nijkamp: Handbook of Regional Science
The Handbook of Regional Science is a multi-volume reference work providing a state-of-the-art knowledge on regional science composed by renowned scientists in the field. The Handbook is intended to …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€841.34
Robert Laurini & Peter Nijkamp: Knowledge Management for Regional Policymaking
The present publication focusses the attention on new avenues in regional information and knowledge management, while we will zoom in particularly on the potential promises and hurdles of digital tec …
PDF
Inglés
€96.29
Roberta Capello & Peter Nijkamp: Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories
Regional economics – an established discipline for several decades – has gone through a rapid pace of change in the past decade and several new perspectives have emerged. At the same time the methodo …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€60.03
Marina van Geenhuizen & Peter Nijkamp: Creative Knowledge Cities
This book adopts a holistic, integrated and pragmatic approach to exploring the myths, concepts, policies, key conditions and tools for enhancing creative knowledge cities, as well as expounding pote …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€32.05
Sameeksha Desai & Peter Nijkamp: New Directions in Regional Economic Development
The introduction of endogenous growth theory has led to new interest in the role of the entrepreneur as an agent driving technical change at the local regional level. This book examines theoretical a …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€32.10
Peter Nijkamp & Jacques Poot: Migration Impact Assessment
During the last few decades the world has experienced an unprecedented level of cross-border migration. While this has generated significant socio-economic gains for host countries, as well as someti …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€32.10
Rob Konings & Peter Nijkamp: Future of Intermodal Freight Transport
This book explores the great challenge of increasing the scope of intermodal freight transport. In view of the current dominant role of road transport and the increasing difficulties in coping with a …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€31.93
Peter Nijkamp & Robert Stimson: Endogenous Regional Development
Increasingly, endogenous factors and processes are being emphasized as drivers in regional economic development and growth. This 15 chapter book is unique in that it commences by presenting five disc …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€31.86
Mehmet Güney Celbiş & Karima Kourtit: Pandemic and the City
This book features a collection of novel and original contributions to the study of urban sustainability from a human health perspective in the light of the current corona pandemic and the challenge …
PDF
Inglés
€149.79
Amitrajeet A Batabyal & Peter Nijkamp: CREATIVE CLASS REVISITED, THE:NEW ANALYTICAL ADVANCES
We are now at a point where ‘analytical advances’ permit researchers to theoretically and empirically formulate, model, and test many of the ideas pertaining to the working of Richard Florida’s ‘crea …
EPUB
Inglés
DRM
€109.99
Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp: Resilience and Regional Development
Interdisciplinary in its approach, with expert contributors from diverse backgrounds, Resilience and Regional Development brings to light the significance of multiple dimensions of resilience and its …
PDF
Inglés
DRM
€31.96
Luigi Fusco Girard & Karima Kourtit: The Future of Liveable Cities
This book explores the concept of livable cities, where people enjoy living and being, and examines indicators of citizens’ well-being in relation to the urban environment. It is authored by experts …
PDF
Inglés
€171.19
