Building on the strength of the previous two editions, Bergman’s Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the third installment of the classic human anatomical reference launched by Dr. Ronald Bergman. With both new and updated entries, and now illustrated in full color, the encyclopedia provides an even more comprehensive reference on human variation for anatomists, anthropologists, physicians, surgeons, medical personnel, and all students of anatomy.
Developed by a team of editors with extensive records publishing on both human variation and normal human anatomy,Bergman’s Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation is the long awaited update to this classic reference.
Tabla de materias
List of contributors xi
Preface xvii
Foreword by Stephen W. Carmichael xix
Foreword by Ronald A. Bergman xx
1 Skull 1
Selcuk Tunali
2 Hyoid bone 22
R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
3 Cervical vertebrae 24
Joseph H. Miller, Michael C. Lysek and Mark N. Hadley
4 Thoracic vertebrae 30
Benjamin J. Ditty, Nidal B. Omar and Mark N. Hadley
5 Lumbar vertebrae 33
Ross Dawkins and Mark N. Hadley
6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae 37
R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
7 Scapula 40
Peter Ward
8 Clavicle 51
Z.J. Daruwalla, R. Malhotra, P. Courtis, C. Fitzpatrick, D. Fitzpatrick and H. Mullett
9 Humerus 63
Peter Ward
10 Radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges 68
Munawar Hayat and Marios Loukas
11 Ribs and sternum 76
R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
12 Pelvic bones 82
Alper Cesmebasi and Marios Loukas
13 Bones of the lower limb 89
Matthew Haffner and Michael Conklin
14 Temporomandibular joint 116
Toral R. Patel and Jarrod A. Collins
15 Shoulder joint 124
Brion Benninger
16 Elbow joint 130
Giuseppe Giannicola, Federico Maria Sacchetti, David Polimanti, Gianluca Bullitta, Marco Scacchi and Pietro Sedati
17 Wrist and hand joints 158
Benjamin Todd Raines and Jean Oakes
18 Sacroiliac joints 165
Niladri Kumar Mahato
19 Hip joint 176
Robert Ward
20 Knee joint 181
Brion Benninger
21 Ankle and foot joints 204
Takamitsu Arakawa
22 Orbital muscles 207
Necdet Kocabiyik
23 Middle ear muscles 212
José Francisco Rodríguez‐Vázquez
24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication 217
Koichi Watanabe
25 Anterior neck muscles 228
Hye Yeon Lee and Hee Jun Yang
26 Pharyngeal muscles 236
Yujiro Sakamoto
27 Soft palate and tongue muscles 240
Swetal Patel and Marios Loukas
28 Prevertebral and craniocervical junction muscles 245
Yujiro Sakamoto
29 Laryngeal muscles 254
Eva Maranillo and Jose Sanudo
30 Back muscles 262
Barclay W. Bakkum and Nathan Miller
31 Scapulohumeral muscles 289
Clare Lamb
32 Arm muscles 293
Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura
33 Forearm muscles 298
Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura
34 Hand intrinsic muscles 315
Mirtha A. Gonzalez and David T. Netscher
35 Thoracic wall muscles 335
Michael Snosek and Marios Loukas
36 Abdominal wall muscles 369
Tsuyoshi Saga and Nagahiro Takahashi
37 Pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter 381
Howe Liu and Yasser Salem
38 Perineal muscles 384
R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
39 Gluteal muscles 386
Helen Nicholson and Natasha Flack
40 Thigh muscles 410
Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas
41 Leg muscles 421
H. Wayne Lambert
42 Intrinsic muscles of the foot 438
Rene M. Kafka, Ian L. Aveytua, Regina C. Fiacco, Garen M. Ream, Anthony C. Di Landro and Anthony D’Antoni
43 Internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral circulation 449
Paul Foreman, Christoph J. Griessenauer, John P. Deveikis and Mark Harrigan
44 Vertebrobasilar arteries 461
R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
45 Persistent fetal intracranial arteries 465
Soner Albay
46 Common carotid and cervical internal carotid arteries 475
R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
47 External carotid artery 477
Selcuk Tunali
48 Vertebral artery 487
Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau
49 Thoracic aorta 501
Veysel Akgun, Salih Hamcan, Yalcin Bozkurt and Bilal Battal
50 Coronary arteries 530
Horia Muresian
51 Pulmonary arteries 569
M. Cumhur Sivrikoz
52 Subclavian artery 575
Selcuk Tunali
53 Upper limb arteries 583
Anthony Olinger
54 Abdominal aorta 619
Daisy Sahni, Anjali Aggarwal, Tulika Gupta, Harjeet Kaur, Richa Gupta, Kunal Chawla, Narbada Saini, Shallu Garg, Anjali Singla, Arpan Deep, Harsimran Jit Singh, Devendra Shekhawat and Megha Rapotra
55 Renal arteries 682
Priti L. Mishall
56 Internal iliac arteries 694
Richard Tunstall
57 Lower limb arteries 741
Akshal Patel
58 Arteries of the spinal cord 752
Marius C. Bosman and Albert van Schoor
59 Diploic veins 770
Satoshi Tsutsumi
60 Dural venous sinuses 775
Shamfa C. Joseph, Elias Rizk and R. Shane Tubbs
61 Cerebral veins 800
Alireza Sadighi, Ulaş, Cikla, Gregory C. Kujoth and Mustafa K. Başkaya
62 Emissary veins 817
R. Shane Tubbs, Koichi Watanabe and Marios Loukas
63 Veins of the neck 821
R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
64 Veins of the upper limb 826
Teresa Vazquez and Jose Sanudo
65 Intrathoracic veins 832
Jonathan D. Spratt
66 Cardiac veins 854
Horia Muresian
67 Pulmonary veins 871
Yutthaphan Wannasopha and Juntima Euathrongchit
68 Inferior vena cava, portal and hepatic venous systems 877
Jonathan D. Spratt
69 Adrenal, renal, gonadal, azygos, hemiazygos, lumbar, and ascending lumbar veins 890
Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
70 Iliac veins 894
Deepali Onkar
71 Veins of the lower limb 900
Santosh K. Sangari
72 Venous drainage of the spinal cord 910
Joel Raborn, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs
73 Thymus 914
Ivan Varga
74 Tonsils 919
R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
75 Thoracic duct, chyle cistern, and right lymphatic duct 921
Young‐Bin Song
76 Lymphatics of the lower limb 935
Shun Yamazaki, Hiroo Suami, Nobuaki Imanishi, Sadakazu Aiso, Minoru Yamada, Masahiro Jinzaki, Sachio Kuribayashi, David W. Chang and Kazuo Kishi
77 Forebrain 939
R. Shane Tubbs, Mohammadali M. Shoja and Marios Loukas
78 Cerebral ventricles 943
Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Mohammad Jaber and R. Shane Tubbs
79 Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum 954
Dylan Goodrich, Jennifer Yang, Joseph H. Miller and W. Jerry Oakes
80 Subarachnoid space 959
Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Fareed Rizq and R. Shane Tubbs
81 Meninges 974
Nimer Adeeb, Martin M. Mortazavi and R. Shane Tubbs
82 Spinal cord and associated structures 984
Shoko M. Yamada, Daniel J. Won, Pedro B. Nava, R. Shane Tubbs and Shokei Yamada
83 Cranial nerves N‐VI 989
Jenna R. Voirol, Kelley A. Strothmann, Anthony Zandian and Joel A. Vilensky
84 Facial nerve 1005
Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs
85 Vestibulocochlear nerve 1034
Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs
86 Glossopharyngeal nerve 1036
Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
87 Vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves 1041
Mohammadali M. Shoja, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
88 Autonomic nervous system 1050
Paul Anthony Irwin, R. Isaiah Tubbs and R. Shane Tubbs
89 Spinal nerves 1057
R. Shane Tubbs
90 Cervical plexus 1062
Necdet Kocabiyik
91 Nerves of the upper extremity 1068
Mark A. Mahan and Robert J. Spinner
92 Lumbosacral plexus 1113
Nihal Apaydin
93 Facial asymmetry 1130
Senem T. Ozdemir, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
94 Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows 1133
Candace R. Wooten and Marios Loukas
95 Eye and lacrimal apparatus 1145
Frederic J. Bertino
96 Lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses 1158
Amr E. El‐Shazly
97 Ear 1167
Aman Deep, Martin M. Mortazavi and Nimer Adeeb
98 Salivary glands and ducts 1182
Louise Wing and Tarik F. Massoud
99 Thyroid gland 1189
Bulent Yalcin
100 Parathyroid glands 1205
Bulent Yalcin
101 Laryngeal cartilages 1209
Arán Pascual‐Font and Jose Sanudo
102 Trachea 1212
Koichi Watanabe
103 Lungs 1217
Koichi Watanabe
104 Heart 1234
Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas
105 Esophagus 1247
Koichi Watanabe
106 Stomach 1253
Koichi Watanabe
107 Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts 1261
Mark D. Stringer
108 Liver 1272
Koichi Watanabe
109 Pancreas 1278
Koichi Watanabe
110 Spleen 1282
Koichi Watanabe
111 Small intestines, appendix, and colon 1285
Koichi Watanabe
112 Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus 1308
Thandinkosi E. Madiba and Mohammad R. Haffajee
113 Kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter 1315
Mohammad Reza Ardalan
114 Adrenal gland 1332
Gülnur Özgüner
115 Male genitourinary system 1335
Courtney L. Shepard, Dustin T. Gayheart and David B. Joseph
116 Female genital system 1364
Sedat Develi
117 Placenta and umbilical cord 1387
Sedat Develi
118 Breast 1390
Matthew Rubacha
Index 1398
Sobre el autor
THE EDITORS
R. Shane Tubbs is Professor and Chief Scientific Officer at the Seattle Science Foundation in Seattle, WA.
Mohammadali M. Shoja is a researcher in the Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Tabriz, Iran.
Marios Loukas is a Professor in the Department of Anatomical Sciences at St George’s University in Grenada.
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