Robert C. Hubrecht 
The Welfare of Animals Used in Research [PDF ebook] 
Practice and Ethics

Foreword vii
Preface ix
Dedication and Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Reasons for Using Animals in Research 1
1.2 Where Animal Research is Carried Out 3
1.3 Numbers of Animals Used 4
1.4 Harmful and Harmless Research 6
1.5 How Much Suffering is Caused by Research? 7
1.6 Attitudes to Animal Experimentation 9
1.7 The Moral Imperative 18
1.8 Trust in the System 22
2 The Use of Legislative and Other Controls on Animal
Research to Meet Public Expectations and Improve Animal Welfare
26
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Levels of Control 29
2.3 Scope of Controls 37
2.4 Systems for Ethical Review and Authorisation 42
2.5 Performance and Engineering Standards 45
2.6 Roles and Responsibility 50
2.7 Legislation and Licences 51
2.8 Enforcement and Failure to Comply 52
3 Animal Rights and Animal Welfare: Philosophy and Science
58
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 Animal Rights and Animal Welfare: Making a Distinction
59
3.3 Animal Welfare Science 63
3.4 Funding and Promoting Animal Welfare Research 85
3.5 The Benefits of Animal Welfare Science 86
4 Species Choice and Animal Welfare 88
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Consciousness/Sentience: Evidence for Protecting Particular
Taxa 89
4.3 Are Some Species Capable of Suffering More Than Others?
Neurological Complexity and Capacity to Suffer 104
4.4 Beastly Bias in Practice 108
4.5 An Evolutionary Approach to Assessing Suffering 120
5 The Harm-Benefit Judgement 123
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Who Should Be Involved? 126
5.3 Factors To Be Considered in Harm-Benefit Decisions
129
5.4 Decision Tools 154
5.5 The Requirement for Ethical Review 157
6 Improving the Welfare of Animals Used in Research: The 3Rs
159
6.1 Introduction: The Origins of the 3Rs 159
6.2 Replacement 163
6.3 Reduction 169
6.4 Refinement 175
6.5 Conflicts Between the 3Rs 201
6.6 Training 202
6.7 Sources of Information on the 3Rs 203
7 Science and Animal Welfare: A Partnership 205
7.1 Replacement Methods: Scientific and Other Advantages 205
7.2 Reduction: Scientific and Other Advantages 209
7.3 Refinement: Scientific and Other Advantages 210
7.4 Changes in Laboratory Animal Science and Challenges for the
Future? 219
7.5 Maintaining the Momentum 223
7.6 Conclusion 224
References 226
Glossary 259
Index 262

Robert Hubrecht OBE BSc Ph D FSB is Deputy Scientific
Director of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW)
and is an acclaimed scholar in this area. He is a zoologist
who has specialised in ethology and applied ethology and has
studied the behaviour and physiology of animals both in the wild
and in the laboratory. He is co-editor of The UFAW Handbook on
the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research
Animals.