Vladimir S. Lerner 
How Information Creates its Observer: The Emergence of the Information Observer with Regularities [PDF ebook] 

Observers are everywhere, from communicating people, animals, and different species, to any interacting subjects that accept, transform, and exchange information. Up to now, common information regularities, emergence, differentiation, and appearance have not been studied through a united approach. This book presents a new approach for understanding the notion of information and its Observers, showing how information creates Observers and generates regularities during observation. The approach is developed from Wheeler’s concept in physics, "It from Bit, " which has been modified in this text to "Observer-Participator Bit." Studying information comes from probabilistic observations, emerging space-time microprocess, entanglement, qubit, encoding bits, and evolving macroprocess, leading to the creation of the Observer, as well as a geometric information structure. The regularities observed self-organize into information processes that encode information causality, logic, and complexity, and determine the observer’s cognition, evolving toward intelligence. The regularities create a double spiral rotating coding structure, which observation self-generates. For the first time, this book establishes the observer’s united information mechanism, with self-operating integral logic, transforming an observed uncertainty into physical reality. The book also includes information formalism, which has been applied to solutions for a wide range of computer science and engineering problems implemented in practice.