Bertram D. Ashe 
From Within the Frame [PDF ebook] 
Storytelling in African-American Studies

The book explores the written representation of African-American oral storytelling from Charles Chesnutt, Zora Neale Hurston and Ralph Ellison to James Alan Mc Pherson, Toni Cade Bambara and John Edgar Wideman. At its core, the book compares the relationship of the ‘frame tale’-an inside-the-text storyteller telling a tale to an inside-the-text listener-with the relationship between the outside-the-text writer and reader. The progression is from Chesnutt »s 1899 frame texts, in which the black spoken voice is contained by a white narrator/listener, to Bambara »s sixties-era example of a ‘frameless’ spoken voice text, to Wideman »s neo-frame text of the late 20th century.