Arguing that the question of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s relationship to the Enlightenment has been eclipsed and seriously distorted by his association with the French Revolution, Graeme Garrard presents the first book-length case that shows Rousseau as the pivotal figure in the emergence of Counter-Enlightenment thought. Viewed in the context in which he actually lived and wrote—from the middle of the eighteenth century to his death in 1778—it is apparent that Rousseau categorically rejected the Enlightenment ‘republic of letters’ in favor of his own ‘republic of virtue.’ The philosophes, placing faith in reason and natural human sociability and subjecting religion to systematic criticism and doubt, naively minimized the deep tensions and complexities of collective life and the power disintegrative forces posed to social order. Rousseau believed that the ever precarious social order could only be achieved artificially, by manufacturing ‘sentiments of sociability, ‘ reshaping individuals to identify with common interests instead of their own selfish interests.
Table des matières
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction
1. The Enlightenment Republic of Letters
The Party of Humanity
The Virtue of Selfish Sociability
2. Philosophe, Madman, Revolutionary, God: The Many Faces of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Introduction
Rousseau and the Philosophes
The Invention of the ‘Revolutionary’ Rousseau
Conclusion
3. Unsociable Man: Rousseau’s Critique of Enlightenment
Social Thought
Introduction
From Contract to Community
Natural Order, Social Disorder
Conclusion
4. Rousseau’s Counter-Enlightenment Republic of Virtue
Introduction
Extending amour-propre
Statecraft as Soulcraft
Rousseau’s ‘Manly’ Republic
Conclusion
5. On the Utility of Religion
Introduction
The Religious Basis of Morality
The Union of Church and State
6. Dare to Be Ignorant!
Introduction
Messieurs de l’Encyclopédie
‘A Sweet and Precious Ignorance’
The Light Within
Conclusion
7. The Worst of All Possible Worlds
The Cautious Optimism of the Philosophes
Rousseau’s Optimism about the Past
Rousseau’s Pessimism about the Future
Conclusion
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index
A propos de l’auteur
Graeme Garrard is Lecturer in Political Philosophy and European Thought at Cardiff University.
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