Henry Etzkowitz & Chunyan Zhou 
Triple Helix [PDF ebook] 
University-Industry-Government Innovation and Entrepreneurship

The triple helix of university-industry-government interactions is a universal model for the development of the knowledge-based society, through innovation and entrepreneurship. It draws from the innovative practice of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with industry and government in inventing a regional renewal strategy in early 20th-century New England. Parallel experiences were identified in "Silicon Valley, " where Stanford University works together with industry and government. Triple helix is identified as the secret of such innovative regions. It may also be found in statist or laissez-faire societies, globally.The triple helix focuses on "innovation in innovation" and the dynamic to foster an innovation ecosystem, through various hybrid organizations, such as technology transfer offices, venture capital firms, incubators, accelerators, and science parks.This second edition develops the practical and policy implications of the triple helix model with case studies exemplifying the meta-theory, including:* how to make an innovative region through the triple helix approach;* balancing development and sustainability by "triple helix twins";* triple helix matrix to analyze regional innovation globally; and* case studies on the Stanford’s Start X accelerator; the Ashland, Oregon Theater Arts Clusters; and Linyi regional innovation in China.The Triple Helix as a universal innovation model can assist students, researchers, managers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers to understand the roles of university, industry, and government in forming and developing "an innovative region, " which has self-renewal and sustainable innovative capacity.