Combining robotics with nanotechnology, this ready reference summarizes the fundamentals and emerging applications in this fascinating research field. This is the first book to introduce tools specifically designed and made for manipulating micro- and nanometer-sized objects, and presents such examples as semiconductor packaging and clinical diagnostics as well as surgery.
The first part discusses various topics of on-chip and device-based micro- and nanomanipulation, including the use of acoustic, magnetic, optical or dielectrophoretic fields, while surface-driven and high-speed microfluidic manipulation for biophysical applications are also covered. In the second part of the book, the main focus is on microrobotic tools. Alongside magnetic micromanipulators, bacteria and untethered, chapters also discuss silicon nano- and integrated optical tweezers. The book closes with a number of chapters on nanomanipulation using AFM and nanocoils under optical and electron microscopes. Exciting images from the tiniest robotic systems at the nano-level are used to illustrate the examples throughout the work.
A must-have book for readers with a background ranging from engineering to nanotechnology.
Table des matières
About the Editors XVII
Series Editors Preface XIX
Preface XXI
List of Contributors XXV
1 High-Speed Microfluidic Manipulation of Cells 1
Aram J. Chung and Soojung Claire Hur
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Direct Cell Manipulation 3
1.2.1 Electrical Cell Manipulation 3
1.2.2 Magnetic Cell Manipulation 4
1.2.3 Optical Cell Manipulation 4
1.2.4 Mechanical Cell Manipulation 5
1.2.4.1 Constriction-Based Cell Manipulation 5
1.2.4.2 Shear-Induced Cell Manipulation 7
1.3 Indirect Cell Manipulation 9
1.3.1 Cell Separation 9
1.3.1.1 Hydrodynamic (Passive) Cell Separation 13
1.3.1.2 Nonhydrodynamic (Active) Particle Separation 18
1.3.2 Cell Alignment (Focusing) 25
1.3.2.1 Cell Alignment (Focusing) for Flow Cytometry 28
1.3.2.2 Cell Solution Exchange 29
1.4 Summary 31
Acknowledgments 31
References 31
2 Micro and Nano Manipulation and Assembly by Optically Induced Electrokinetics 41
Fei Fei Wang, Sam Lai, Lianqing Liu, Gwo-Bin Lee, and Wen Jung Li
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Optically Induced Electrokinetic (OEK) Forces 45
2.2.1 Classical Electrokinetic Forces 45
2.2.1.1 Dielectrophoresis (DEP) 45
2.2.1.2 AC Electroosmosis (ACEO) 46
2.2.1.3 Electrothermal Effects (ET) 47
2.2.1.4 Buoyancy Effects 47
2.2.1.5 Brownian Motion 47
2.2.2 Optically Induced Electrokinetic Forces 48
2.2.2.1 OEK Chip: Operational Principle and Design 48
2.2.2.2 Spectrum-Dependent ODEP Force 53
2.2.2.3 Waveform-Dependent ODEP Force 54
2.3 OEK-Based Manipulation and Assembly 55
2.3.1 Manipulation and Assembly of Nonbiological Materials 55
2.3.2 Biological Entities: Cells and Molecules 60
2.3.3 Manipulation of Fluidic Thin Films 63
2.4 Summary 65
References 67
3 Manipulation of DNA by Complex Confinement Using Nanofluidic Slits 75
Elizabeth A. Strychalski and Samuel M. Stavis
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Slitlike Confinement of DNA 78
3.3 Differential Slitlike Confinement of DNA 82
3.4 Experimental Studies 83
3.5 Design of Complex Slitlike Devices 86
3.6 Fabrication of Complex Slitlike Devices 88
3.7 Experimental Conditions 90
3.8 Conclusion 92
Disclaimer 93
References 93
4 Microfluidic Approaches for Manipulation and Assembly of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials 97
Shaolin Zhou, Qiuquan Guo, and Jun Yang
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Microfluidic Assembly 99
4.2.1 Hydrodynamic Focusing 100
4.2.1.1 Concept and Mechanism 100
4.2.1.2 2D and 3D Hierarchy 101
4.2.1.3 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Behavior 103
4.2.2 HF-Based NWAssembly 104
4.2.2.1 The Principle 104
4.2.2.2 Device Design and Fabrication 105
4.2.2.3 NWAssembly by Symmetrical Hydrodynamic Focusing 107
4.2.2.4 NWAssembly by Asymmetrical Hydrodynamic Focusing 108
4.3 Summary 112
References 113
5 Optically Assisted and Dielectrophoretical Manipulation of Cells and Molecules on Microfluidic Platforms 119
Yen-Heng Lin and Gwo-Bin Lee
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Operating Principle and Fundamental Physics of the ODEP Platform 122
5.2.1 ODEP Force 122
5.2.2 Optically Induced ACEO Flow 123
5.2.3 Electrothermal (ET) Force 125
5.2.4 Experimental Setup of an ODEP Platform 126
5.2.4.1 Light Source 126
5.2.4.2 Materials of the Photoconductive Layer 127
5.3 Applications of the ODEP Platform 129
5.3.1 Cell Manipulation 129
5.3.2 Cell Separation 130
5.3.3 Cell Rotation 130
5.3.4 Cell Electroporation 131
5.3.5 Cell Lysis 131
5.3.6 Manipulation of Micro- or Nanoscale Objects 132
5.3.7 Manipulation of Molecules 134
5.3.8 Droplet Manipulation 135
5.4 Conclusion 136
References 137
6 On-Chip Microrobot Driven by Permanent Magnets for Biomedical Applications 141
Masaya Hagiwara, Tomohiro Kawahara, and Fumihito Arai
6.1 On-Chip Microrobot 141
6.2 Characteristics of Microrobot Actuated by Permanent Magnet 142
6.3 Friction Reduction for On-Chip Robot 144
6.3.1 Friction Reduction by Drive Unit 144
6.3.2 Friction Reduction by Ultrasonic Vibrations 146
6.3.3 Experimental Evaluations of MMT 146
6.3.3.1 Positioning Accuracy Evaluation 146
6.3.3.2 Output Force Evaluation 149
6.4 Fluid Friction Reduction for On-Chip Robot 150
6.4.1 Fluid Friction Reduction by Riblet Surface 150
6.4.2 Principle of Fluid Friction Reduction Using Riblet Surface 150
6.4.3 Optimal Design of Riblet to Minimize the Fluid Friction 152
6.4.4 Fluid Force Analysis on MMT with Riblet Surface 153
6.4.5 Fabrication Process of MMT with Riblet Surface Using Si–Ni Composite Structure 156
6.4.6 Evaluation of Si–Ni Composite MMT with Optimal Riblet 158
6.5 Applications of On-Chip Robot to Cell Manipulations 160
6.5.1 Oocyte Enucleation 160
6.5.2 Multichannel Sorting 162
6.5.3 Evaluation of Effect of Mechanical Stimulation on Microorganisms 162
6.6 Summary 165
References 166
7 Silicon Nanotweezers for Molecules and Cells Manipulation and Characterization 169
Dominique Collard, Nicolas Lafitte, Hervé Guillou, Momoko Kumemura, Laurent Jalabert, and Hiroyuki Fujita
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 SNT Operation and Design 170
7.2.1 Design 170
7.2.1.1 Electrostatic Actuation 171
7.2.1.2 Mechanical Structure 171
7.2.1.3 Capacitive Sensor 173
7.2.2 Operation 174
7.2.2.1 Instrumentation 174
7.2.2.2 Characterization 175
7.2.2.3 Modeling 176
7.3 SNT Process 177
7.3.1 MEMS Fabrication versus the Design Constrains and User Applications 177
7.3.2 Sharp Tip Single Actuator SNT Process Flow 178
7.3.2.1 Nitride Deposition 178
7.3.2.2 Defining Crystallographic Alignment Structures 178
7.3.2.3 Photolithography (Level 1) – Nitride Patterning for LOCOS 179
7.3.2.4 Photolithography (Level 2) – Sensors and Actuators 179
7.3.2.5 DRIE Front Side 180
7.3.2.6 Sharp Tip Fabrication and Gap Control 181
7.3.2.7 Photolithography (Level 3) and Rearside DRIE 182
7.3.2.8 Releasing in Vapor HF 182
7.3.3 Concluding Remarks on the Silicon Nanotweezers Microfabrication 183
7.4 DNA Trapping and Enzymatic Reaction Monitoring 183
7.5 Cell Trapping and Characterization 186
7.5.1 Introducing Remarks 186
7.5.2 Specific Issues 187
7.5.3 Design of SNT 187
7.5.4 Instrumentation 189
7.5.5 Experimental Platform 190
7.5.6 Cells in Suspension 190
7.5.7 Spread Cells 192
7.5.8 Cell Differentiation 193
7.5.9 Concluding Remarks for Cell Characterization with SNT 194
7.6 General Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 194
Acknowledgments 196
References 196
8 Miniaturized Untethered Tools for Surgery 201
Evin Gultepe, Qianru Jin, Andrew Choi, Alex Abramson, and David H. Gracias
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Macroscale Untethered Surgical Tools 203
8.2.1 Localization and Locomotion without Tethers 204
8.2.1.1 Localization 204
8.2.1.2 Locomotion 206
8.2.2 Powering and Activating a Small Machine 207
8.2.2.1 Stored Chemical Energy 207
8.2.2.2 Stored Mechanical Energy 208
8.2.2.3 External Magnetic Field 208
8.2.2.4 Other Sources of Energy 209
8.3 Microscale Untethered Surgical Tools 210
8.3.1 Applications 210
8.3.1.1 Angioplasty 210
8.3.1.2 Surgical Wound Closure 212
8.3.1.3 Biopsy 213
8.3.1.4 Micromanipulation 214
8.3.2 Locomotion 214
8.3.2.1 Magnetic Force 215
8.3.2.2 Electromechanical 217
8.3.2.3 Optical Tweezers 218
8.3.2.4 Biologic Tissue Powered 219
8.4 Nanoscale Untethered Surgical Tools 219
8.4.1 Fuel-Driven Motion 222
8.4.2 Magnetic Field-Driven Motion 223
8.4.3 Acoustic Wave-Driven Motion 225
8.4.4 Light-Driven Motion 226
8.4.5 Nano-Bio Hybrid Systems 227
8.4.6 Artificial Molecular Machines 227
8.5 Conclusion 228
Acknowledgments 229
References 229
9 Single-Chip Scanning Probe Microscopes 235
Neil Sarkar and Raafat R. Mansour
9.1 Scanning Probe Microscopy 237
9.2 The Role of MEMS in SPM 239
9.3 CMOS–MEMS Manufacturing Processes Applied to sc-SPMs 240
9.4 Modeling and Design of sc-SPMs 242
9.4.1 Electrothermal Model of Self-Heated Resistor 245
9.4.2 Electrothermal Model of Vertical Actuator 247
9.4.3 Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Model 248
9.5 Imaging Results 250
9.6 Conclusion 254
References 254
10 Untethered Magnetic Micromanipulation 259
Eric Diller and Metin Sitti
10.1 Physics of Micromanipulation 260
10.2 Sliding Friction and Surface Adhesion 260
10.2.1 Adhesion 260
10.2.1.1 van der Waals Forces 262
10.2.2 Sliding Friction 263
10.3 Fluid Dynamics Effects 264
10.3.1 Viscous Drag on a Sphere 265
10.4 Magnetic Microrobot Actuation 266
10.5 Locomotion Techniques 266
10.5.1 Motion in Two Dimensions 267
10.5.2 Motion in Three Dimensions 267
10.5.3 Magnetic Actuation Systems 268
10.5.4 Special Coil Arrangements 269
10.6 Manipulation Techniques 271
10.6.1 Contact Micromanipulation 271
10.6.1.1 Direct Pushing 271
10.6.1.2 Grasping Manipulation 274
10.6.2 Noncontact Manipulation 275
10.6.2.1 Translation 276
10.6.2.2 Rotation 277
10.6.2.3 Parallel Manipulation 279
10.6.3 Mobile Microrobotics Competition 279
10.7 Conclusions and Prospects 280
References 281
11 Microrobotic Tools for Plant Biology 283
Dimitrios Felekis, Hannes Vogler, Ueli Grossniklaus, and Bradley J. Nelson
11.1 Why Do We Need a Mechanical Understanding of the Plant Growth Mechanism? 283
11.2 Microrobotic Platforms for Plant Mechanics 285
11.2.1 The Cellular Force Microscope 286
11.2.1.1 Force Sensing Technology 286
11.2.1.2 Positioning System 288
11.2.1.3 Imaging System and Interface 289
11.2.2 Real-Time CFM 290
11.2.2.1 Positioning System 290
11.2.2.2 Data Acquisition 291
11.2.2.3 Automated Cell Selection and Positioning 292
11.3 Biomechanical and Morphological Characterization of Living Cells 294
11.3.1 Cell Wall Apparent Stiffness 295
11.3.2 3D Stiffness and Topography Maps 299
11.3.3 Real-Time Intracellular Imaging During Mechanical Stimulation 301
11.4 Conclusions 302
References 303
12 Magnetotactic Bacteria for the Manipulation and Transport of Micro and Nanometer-Sized Objects 307
Sylvain Martel
12.1 Introduction 307
12.2 Magnetotactic Bacteria 308
12.3 Component Sizes and Related Manipulation Approaches 310
12.3.1 Transport and Manipulation of MS Components 311
12.3.2 Transport and Manipulation of AE Components 314
12.3.3 Transport and Manipulation of ML Components 314
12.4 Conclusions and Discussion 317
References 318
13 Stiffness and Kinematic Analysis of a Novel Compliant Parallel Micromanipulator for Biomedical Manipulation 319
Xiao Xiao and Yangmin Li
13.1 Introduction 319
13.2 Design of the Micromanipulator 320
13.3 Stiffness Modeling of the Micromanipulator 322
13.3.1 Stiffness Matrix of the Flexure Element 323
13.3.2 Stiffness Modeling of the Compliant P Module 324
13.3.3 Stiffness Modeling of the Compliant 4S Module 325
13.3.4 Stiffness Modeling of the Compliant P(4S) Chain 327
13.3.5 Stiffness Modeling of the Complete Mechanism 327
13.3.6 Model Validation Based on FEA 329
13.4 Kinematics Modeling of the Micromanipulator 333
13.5 Conclusion 336
References 337
14 Robotic Micromanipulation of Cells and Small Organisms 339
Xianke Dong, Wes Johnson, Yu Sun, and Xinyu Liu
14.1 Introduction 339
14.2 Robotic Microinjection of Cells and Small Organisms 340
14.2.1 Robotic Cell Injection 340
14.2.1.1 Cell Immobilization Methods 343
14.2.1.2 Image Processing and Computer Vision Techniques 344
14.2.1.3 Control System Design 345
14.2.1.4 Force Sensing and Control 347
14.2.1.5 Experimental Validation of Injection Success and Survival Rates 349
14.2.1.6 Parallel Cell Injection 350
14.2.2 Robotic Injection of Caenorhabditis elegans 350
14.3 Robotic Transfer of Biosamples 351
14.3.1 Pipette-Based Cell Transfer 351
14.3.2 Microgripper/Microhand-Based Cell Transfer 352
14.3.3 Microrobot-Based Cell Transfer 354
14.3.4 Laser Trapping-Based Cell Transfer 355
14.4 Robot-Assisted Mechanical Characterization of Cells 357
14.4.1 MEMS-Based Cell Characterization 357
14.4.2 Laser Trapping-Based Cell Characterization 358
14.4.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-Based Cell Characterization 359
14.4.4 Micropipette Aspiration 359
14.5 Conclusion 360
References 361
15 Industrial Tools for Micromanipulation 369
Michaël Gauthier, Cédric Clévy, David Hériban, and Pasi Kallio
15.1 Introduction 369
15.2 Microrobotics for Scientific Instrumentation 371
15.2.1 MEMS Mechanical Testing 371
15.2.2 Mechanical Testing of Fibrous Micro- and Nano Scale Materials 372
15.2.3 Mobile Microrobots for Testing 375
15.3 Microrobotics for Microassembly 376
15.3.1 Microassembly of Micromechanisms 377
15.3.1.1 Microgrippers 379
15.3.1.2 High-Resolution Vision System 380
15.3.1.3 Integrated Assembly Platform 381
15.3.2 Microassembly in MEMS and MOEMS Industries 382
15.3.2.1 Thin Die Packaging 383
15.3.2.2 Flexible MOEMS Extreme Assembly 384
15.4 Future Challenges 387
15.4.1 Current Opportunities 387
15.4.2 Future Opportunity 388
15.4.3 Barriers to Market 388
15.4.4 Key Market Data 389
References 389
16 Robot-Aided Micromanipulation of Biological Cells with Integrated Optical Tweezers and Microfluidic Chip 393
Xiaolin Wang, Shuxun Chen, and Dong Sun
16.1 Introduction 393
16.2 Cell Micromanipulation System with Optical Tweezers and Microfluidic Chip 395
16.3 Enhanced Cell Sorting Strategy 396
16.3.1 Operation Principle 396
16.3.2 Microfluidic Chip Design 397
16.3.3 Cell Transportation by Optical Tweezers 398
16.3.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 400
16.3.4.1 Isolation of Yeast Cells 400
16.3.4.2 Isolation of h ESCs 402
16.3.4.3 Discussion 403
16.4 Novel Cell Manipulation Tool 404
16.4.1 Operation Principle 404
16.4.2 Microwell Array-Based Microfluidic Chip Design 405
16.4.3 Chip Preparation and Fluid Operation 406
16.4.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 407
16.4.4.1 Cell Levitation from Microwell 407
16.4.4.2 Cell Assembly by Multiple Optical Traps 408
16.4.4.3 Automated Cell Transportation and Deposition 408
16.4.4.4 Isolation and Deposition on h ESCs and Yeast Cells 410
16.4.4.5 Quantification of the Experimental Results 411
16.4.4.6 Discussion 413
16.5 Conclusion 414
References 415
17 Investigating the Molecular Specific Interactions on Cell Surface Using Atomic Force Microscopy 417
Mi Li, Lianqing Liu, Ning Xi, and Yuechao Wang
17.1 Background 417
17.2 Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy 420
17.3 Force Spectroscopy of Molecular Interactions on Tumor Cells from Patients 423
17.4 Mapping the Distribution of Membrane Proteins on Tumor Cells 430
17.5 Summary 435
Acknowledgments 436
References 436
18 Flexible Robotic AFM-Based Systemfor Manipulation and Characterization of Micro- and Nano-Objects 441
Hui Xie and Stéphane Régnier
18.1 AFM-Based Flexible Robotic System for Micro- or Nanomanipulation 444
18.1.1 The AFM-Based Flexible Robotic System 444
18.1.1.1 The Flexible Robotic Setup 444
18.1.1.2 Force Sensing during Pick-and-Place 444
18.1.2 Experimental Results 446
18.1.2.1 3D Micromanipulation Robotic System 446
18.1.2.2 3D Nanomanipulation Robotic System 449
18.1.3 Conclusion 453
18.2 In situ Peeling of 1D Nanostructures Using a Dual-Probe Nanotweezer 453
18.2.1 Methods 453
18.2.2 Results and Discussion 457
18.2.3 Conclusion 457
18.3 In situ Quantification of Living Cell Adhesion Forces: Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy with a Nanotweezer 459
18.3.1 Materials and Methods 459
18.3.1.1 Nanotweezer Setup 459
18.3.1.2 Cell Cultivation and Sample Preparation 461
18.3.1.3 Nanotweezer Preparation 461
18.3.2 Protocol of the Adhesion Force Measurement 462
18.3.3 Clamping Detection during Cell Grasping 464
18.3.3.1 Cell Release 466
18.3.4 Experimental Results 466
18.3.4.1 Cell–Substrate Adhesion Force Measurement 466
18.3.4.2 Cell–Cell Adhesion Force Measurement 469
18.3.5 Discussion 470
18.3.6 Conclusion 471
18.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 471
References 472
19 Nanorobotic Manipulation of Helical Nanostructures 477
Lixin Dong, Li Zhang, Miao Yu, and Bradley J. Nelson
19.1 Introduction 477
19.2 Nanorobotic Manipulation Tools and Processes 479
19.2.1 Nanomanipulators and Tools 479
19.2.2 Nanorobotic Manipulation Processes 480
19.3 Characterization of Helical Nanobelts 482
19.3.1 Axial Pulling of Rolled-Up Helical Nanostructures 483
19.3.2 Lateral Bending and Local Buckling of a Rolled-Up Si Ge/Si Microtube 483
19.3.3 Axial Buckling of Rolled-Up Si Ge/Si Microtubes 485
19.3.4 Tangential Unrolling of a Rolled-Up Si/Cr Ring 488
19.3.5 Radial Stretching of a Si/Cr Nanoring 489
19.4 Applications 492
19.4.1 Typical Configurations of NEMS 492
19.4.2 Motion Converters 492
19.4.2.1 Design of Motion Converters 494
19.4.2.2 Displacement Conversion 495
19.4.2.3 Load Conversion 497
19.4.2.4 Application in 3D Microscopy 498
19.5 Summary 500
References 501
20 Automated Micro- and Nanohandling Inside the Scanning Electron Microscope 505
Malte Bartenwerfer, Sören Zimmermann, Tobias Tiemerding, Manuel Mikczinski, and Sergej Fatikow
20.1 Introduction and Motivation 505
20.1.1 SEM-Based Manipulation 506
20.2 State of the Art 508
20.2.1 The Scanning Electron Microscope as Fundamental Tool 508
20.2.2 Conditions for Automation on the Micro- and Nanoscales 509
20.3 Automation Environment 511
20.3.1 Robotic Setup 511
20.3.1.1 Dedicated Setups 511
20.3.1.2 Modular Setups 512
20.3.2 Control Environment 514
20.3.2.1 OFFIS Automation Framework 514
20.4 Case Studies 517
20.4.1 Manipulation and Automation Overview 517
20.4.1.1 High-Speed Object Tracking Inside the SEM 519
20.4.2 Assembly of Building Blocks: Nano Bits 521
20.4.2.1 Assembly Environment and Tools 521
20.4.3 Handling of Colloidal Nanoparticles 524
20.4.4 Measuring the Transverse Fiber Compression 526
20.5 Outlook 530
20.5.1 Future Developments 530
20.5.2 Software and Automation 530
Acknowledgments 531
References 531
21 Manipulation of Biological Cells under ESEM and Microfluidic Systems 537
Toshio Fukuda, Masahiro Nakajima, Masaru Takeuchi, and Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad
21.1 Introduction 537
21.2 ESEM-Nanomanipulation System 538
21.3 ESEM Observation of Single Cells 540
21.4 Manipulation of Biological Cells under ESEM 541
21.4.1 Cell Viability Detection Using Dual Nanoprobe 541
21.4.2 Preparation of Dead Cell Colonies of W303 Cells 543
21.4.3 Fabrication of the Dual Nanoprobe 544
21.4.4 Electrical Measurement Setup 545
21.4.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 546
21.4.5.1 Single-Cell Viability Assessment by Electrical Measurement under HVMode 547
21.4.5.2 Single-Cell Viability Assessment by Electrical Measurement under ESEMMode 548
21.5 Manipulation of Biological Cells under Microfluidics 549
21.5.1 Nanoliters Discharge/Suction by Thermoresponsive Polymer Actuated Probe 549
21.5.2 Fabrication of TPA Probe 550
21.5.3 Solution Discharge by TPA Probe 552
21.5.4 Suction and Discharge of Micro-Object by TPA Probe Inside Semiclosed Microchip 553
21.5.4.1 Semiclosed Microchip 553
21.5.4.2 Suction and Discharge of Microbead by TPA Probe Inside Semiclosed Microchip 554
21.5.4.3 Cell Suction by TPA Probe Inside Semiclosed Microchip 556
21.6 Conclusion 556
References 557
Index 559
A propos de l’auteur
Yu Sun is professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto (Canada), with joint appointments in the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. After obtaining his Ph D in mechanical engineering from the University of Minnesota, Yu Sun stayed for a postdoctoral research at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Zurich). Currently, he is a Mc Lean Senior Faculty Fellow at the University of Toronto and the Canada Research Chair in Micro and Nano Engineering Systems.
Xinyu Liu is assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Mc Gill University in Montreal (Canada). After obtaining his Ph D from the University of Toronto, he was post-doc at Harvard university before taking his current position at the Mc Gill University. His research interests are robotics, MEMS/NEMS, and applied microfluidics, also referred to as lab-on-a-chip technologies, with a strong focus on bio-oriented applications.
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