The mortality rate of newborns has been reduced in many parts of the world and we have learned much about how to keep more newborns alive, especially when health care providers and society collaborate in this important endeavor and emphasize known preventative principles. We know that death of newborns causes emotional stress to the newborn’s family as well as to the involved health caregivers. We are also learning about the historical rights of the fetus in modern society. Over the past 50 years, there has been an increasing focus of attention, research and resources on assuring the survival and long term outcome of infants who are born premature. As a result of advances in knowledge and technology, there has followed an increased likelihood for survival of even the smallest of premature infants. In this book, we present some of the health and social issues for children born into this world.