The Nobel Prize of 1986 on Sc- ning Tunneling Microscopysignaled a new era in imaging. The sc- ning probes emerged as a new – strument for imaging with a p- cision suf?cient to delineate single atoms. At ?rst there were two – the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, or STM, and the Atomic Force Mic- scope, or AFM. The STM relies on electrons tunneling between tip and sample whereas the AFM depends on the force acting on the tip when it was placed near the sample. These were quickly followed by the M- netic Force Microscope, MFM, and the Electrostatic Force Microscope, EFM. The MFM will image a single magnetic bit with features as small as 10nm. With the EFM one can monitor the charge of a single electron. Prof. Paul Hansma at Santa Barbara opened the door even wider when he was able to image biological objects in aqueous environments. At this point the sluice gates were opened and a multitude of different instruments appeared. There are signi?cant differences between the Scanning Probe Microscopes or SPM, and others such as the Scanning Electron Microscope or SEM. The probe microscopes do not require preparation of the sample and they operate in ambient atmosphere, whereas, the SEM must operate in a vacuum environment and the sample must be cross-sectioned to expose the proper surface. However, the SEM can record 3D image and movies, features that are not available with the scanning probes.
विषयसूची
Higher Harmonics in Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy.- Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy.- Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy.- Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.- Dynamic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy.- Sensor Technology for Scanning Probe Microscopy and New Applications.- Quantitative Nanomechanical Measurements in Biology.- Scanning Microdeformation Microscopy: Subsurface Imaging and Measurement of Elastic Constants at Mesoscopic Scale.- Electrostatic Force and Force Gradient Microscopy: Principles, Points of Interest and Application to Characterisation of Semiconductor Materials and Devices.- Polarization-Modulation Techniques in Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Imaging of Polarization Anisotropy in Photonic Nanostructures.- Focused Ion Beam as a Scanning Probe: Methods and Applications.
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