This continuing series gathers and presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial topical data across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed in this book include documenting and describing the methods and value of medication therapy management programs; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in cryptococcal meningitis; growth hormone deficiency in children; the barrier function of retinal pigment epithelium; the use of lateral access in lumbar spondylolisthesis; clinical effects of Yokukansan for tension-type headaches; myocardial hypertrophy and periodontal disease; evaluation of national drug policy in Sudan; mucosally-restricted leishmaniasis in the old and new world; results of pharmacist’s intervention in a geriatric outpatient clinics based on potentially inappropriate prescribing criteria; results in patients treated surgically with osteodesis vs bloodless treated with plaster; and a short commentary on an ethical analysis of banning free pharmaceutical samples.