Richard L Epstein 
How to Reason + Reasoning in the Sciences [PDF ebook] 
A Practical Guide

Preface
Claims
1 Claims
2 Definitions
3 Subjective Claims
4 Prescriptive Claims
5 Concealed Claims
Arguments
6 Arguments
7 What’s a Good Argument?
8 Evaluating Premises
9 Common Mistakes in Evaluating Claims
10 Repairing Arguments
11 Too Much Emotion
12 Reasoning with Prescriptive Claims
13 Counterarguments
The Form of an Argument
14 Compound Claims
15 Valid Forms of Arguments using Conditionals
16 General Claims
Numbers and Graphs
17 Numbers
18 Graphs
Reasoning from Experience
19 Analogies
20 Generalizing
21 Cause and Effect
22 Cause in Populations
23 Inferential Explanations
24 Functional Explanations
Making Decisions
25 Evaluating Risk
26 Making Decisions
Writing Well
Reasoning in the Sciences
27 Some Examples to Start
28 The Scientific Method
29 Experiments
30 What Can Go Wrong with an Experiment
31 Models and Theories
32 Explanations in Science
33 Ways of Knowing
Index

Richard L. Epstein received his B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. He was a Fulbright Fellow to Brazil and a National Academy of Sciences
scholar to Poland. He is the author of ‘An Introduction to Formal Logic’, ‘Propositional Logics’, ‘Predicate Logic’ and the series of books ‘Essays on Logic as the Art of Reasoning Well’. Since 1999 he
has been the head of the Advanced Reasoning Forum in Socorro, New Mexico. He has also translated and edited ‘The BARK of DOG’, and directs The BARK of DOG Foundation.