Despite a growing interest in the last hundred years in both orientalism and comparative religions, and the fact that there are over fifty million Shi’a Muslims, until now there has been no thorough and objective study of that part of Islam called Shi’ism for Western scholars. The present work provides a clear account of the origin, history, and doctrines of an important sector of the Muslim religious community. It is written by a distinguished leader of that community, who, in addition to possessing a thorough knowledge of its traditional history and literature, presents its rational-philosophic, traditional-legal, and gnostic-mystical elements with warmth and sympathy. The result is a well-integrated general picture which succeeds in giving the reader a clear and comprehensive picture of how the Shi’ite Muslim views his religion.
विषयसूची
PREFACE Seyyed Hossein Nasr
The Study of Shi’ism
Fundamental ELements of Shi’ism
Present State of Shi’ite Studies
The Present Book
The Author
INTRODUCTION ‘Allamah Tabataba’i
PART 1: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SHI’ISM
I. The Origin and Growth of Shi’ism
The Cause of the Separation of the Shi’ite Minority from the Sunni Majority
The Two Problems of Succession and Authority in Religious Sciences
The Political Method of the Selection of the Caliph by Vote and Its Disagreement with the Shi’ite View
The Termination of the Caliphate of ‘Ali Amir al-mu’minin and His Method of Rule
The Benefit That the Shi’ah Derived from the Caliphate of ‘Ali
The Transfer of the Caliphate to Mu’awiyah and Its Transformation into a Hereditary Monarchy
The Bleakest Days of Shi’ism
The Establishment of Umayyad Rule
Shi’ism During the 2nd/8th Century
Shi’ism in the 3rd/9th Century
Shi’ism in the 4th/10th Century
Shi’ism from the 5th/11th to the 9th/15th Centuries
Shi’ism in the 10th/16th and 11th/17th Centuries
Shi’ism from the 12th/18th to the 14th/20th Centuries
NOTES: CHAPTER I
II. Divisions within Shi’ism
Zaydism and Its Branches
Isma’ilism and Its Branches
The Batinis
The Nizaris, Musta’lis, Druzes, and Muqanna’ah
The Nizaris
The Musta’lis
The Druzes
The Muqanna’ah
Differences Between Twelve-Imam Shi’ism and Isma’ilism and Zaydism
Summary of the History of Twelve-Imam Shi’ism
NOTES: CHAPTER II
PART II: SHI’ITE RELIGIOUS THOUGHT
III. Three Methods of Religious Thought
First Method: The Formal Aspect of Religion
Different Facets of the Formal Apsect
Traditions of the Companions
The Book and Tradition
The Outward and Inward Apsects of the Quran
The Principles of Interpretation of the Quran
Hadith
The Method of Shi’ism in Authenticating the Hadith
The Method of Shi’ism in Following the Hadith
Learning and Teaching in Islam
Shi’ism and the Transmitted Sciences
Second Method: The Way of Intellection and Intellectual Reasoning
Philosophical and Theological Thought in Shi’ism
Shi’ite Initiative in Islamic Philosophy and Kalam
Shi’ite Contributions in Philosophy and Intellectual Sciences
Outstanding Intellectual Figures of Shi’ism
Third Method: Intellectual Intuition or Mystical Unveiling
Man and Gnostic Comprehension
Appearance of Gnosis (Sufism) in Islam
Guidance Provided by the Quran and Sunnah for Gnostic Knowledge
NOTES: CHAPTER III
PART III: ISLAMIC BELIEFS FROM THE SHI’ITE POINT OF VIEW
IV. On the Knowledge of God
The World Seen from the Point of View of Being and Reality: The Necessity of God
Another Point of View Concerning the Relation Between Man and the Universe
The Divine Essence and Qualities
The Meaning of the Divine Qualities
Further Explanations Concerning the Qualities
Qualities of Action
Destiny and Providence
Man and Free Will
NOTES: CHAPTER IV
V. On the Knowledge of the Prophet
Toward the Goal: General Guidance
Special Guidance
Reason and Law
That Mysterious Wisdom and Consciousness Called Revelation
The Prophets – Inerrancy of Prophecy
The Prophets and Revealed Religion
The Prophets and Proof of Revelation and Prophecy
The Number of the Prophets of God
The Prophets Who are Bringers of Divine Law
The Prophecy of Muhammad
The Prophet and the Quran
NOTES: CHAPTER V
VI. Eschatology
Man is Composed of Spirit and Body
A Discussion of Spirit from Another Perspective
Death from the Islamic Point of View
Purgatory
The Day of Judgment – Resurrection
Another Explanation
The Continuity and Succession of Creation
NOTES: CHAPTER VI
VII. On the Knowledge of the Imam (Imamology)
The Meaning of Imam
The Imamate and Succession
Affirmation of the Previous Section
The Imamate and Its Role in the Exposition of the Divine Sciences
The Difference Between Prophet and Imam
The Imamate and Its Role in the Esoteric Dimension of Religion
The Imams and Leaders of Islam
A Brief History of the Lives of the Twelve Imams
The First Imam – ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib
The Second Imam – Hasan ibn ‘Ali
The Third Imam – Husayn ibn ‘Ali
The Fourth Imam – ‘Ali ibn Husayn
The Fifth Imam – Muhammad ibn ‘Ali
The Sixth Imam – Ja’far ibn Muhammad
The Seventh Imam – Musa ibn Ja’far
The Eighth Imam – ‘Ali ibn Musa
The Ninth Imam – Muhammad ibn ‘Ali
Then Tenth Imam – ‘Ali ibn Muhammad
The Eleventh Imam – Hasan ibn ‘Ali
The Twelfth Imam – Mahdi
On the Appearance of the Mahdi
The Spiritual Message of Shi’ism
NOTES: CHAPTER VII
APPENDIX
I. Taqiyah or Dissimulation
II. Mut’ah or Temporary Marriage
III. Ritual Practices in Shi’ism
IV. A Note on the Jinn
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
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Seyyed Hossein Nasr is University Professor of Islamic Studies at The George Washington University. He is the author and editor of many books, including Islam: Religion, History, and Civilization.
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