The distinction between basic and applied research was central to twentieth-century science and policymaking, and if this framework has been contested in recent years, it nonetheless remains ubiquitous in both scientific and public discourse. Employing a transnational, diachronic perspective informed by historical semantics, this volume traces the conceptual history of the basic–applied distinction from the nineteenth century to today, taking stock of European developments alongside comparative case studies from the United States and China. It shows how an older dichotomy of pure and applied science was reconceived in response to rapid scientific progress and then further transformed by the geopolitical circumstances of the postwar era.
Daftar Isi
List of Figures
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Introduction: Why Do Concepts Matter in Science Policy?
Désirée Schauz and David Kaldewey
PART I: GENEALOGIES OF SCIENCE POLICY DISCOURSES
Chapter 1. Categorizing Science in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Britain
Robert Bud
Chapter 2. Professional Devotion, National Needs, Fascist Claims, and Democratic Virtues: The Language of Science Policy in Germany
Désirée Schauz and Gregor Lax
Chapter 3. Transforming Pure Science into Basic Research: The Language of Science Policy in the United States
David Kaldewey and Désirée Schauz
PART II: CONCEPTUAL SYNCHRONIZATION AND CULTURAL VARIATION
Chapter 4. Fundamental Research and New Scientific Arrangements for the Development of Britain’s Colonies after 1940
Sabine Clarke
Chapter 5. Basic Research in the Max Planck Society: Science Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1945–1970
Carola Sachse
Chapter 6. Beyond the Basic/Applied Distinction?: The Scientific-Technological Revolution in the German Democratic Republic, 1945–1989
Manuel Schramm
Chapter 7. Applied Science in Stalin’s Time: Hungary, 1945–1953
György Péteri
Chapter 8. Theory Attached to Practice: Chinese Debates over Basic Research from Thought Remolding to the Bomb, 1949–1966
Zuoyue Wang
PART III: OUTLOOK
Chapter 9. The Language of Science Policy in the Twenty-First Century: What Comes after Basic and Applied Research?
Tim Flink and David Kaldewey
Indexes
Tentang Penulis
Désirée Schauz is an associate researcher at the Leibniz Centre for Contemporary History Potsdam. She holds a Ph D in modern history from the University of Cologne and earned her habilitation in the history of science and technology at the Technical University of Munich. She has published widely on the role of concepts in science and research policy. Her latest book deals with the history of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities (1914-1965).
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