Whilst the greatest effort has been made to ensure the quality of this text, due to the historical nature of this content, in some rare cases there may be minor issues with legibility. This edition is the result of another fifteen years’ study of Islam, and of further intercourse with Musalmans. It deals with certain phases of modern Muslim thought in India and in Persia which found no place in the first edition. The result is that a considerable amount of fresh matter has been added, though the general form of. The book has not been altered. The Arabic editions of the sahihu’l-bukhari and of the Milal wa Nihal of Sharastani have been freely used, and many extracts from these important works have been made. I have also added two appendices, one of which enters into a technical and detailed account of the art of reading the Quran and of its peculiar spelling, and also gives illustrations in Arabic of the various readings; the other, on the Law of J ihad, I have inserted in order to show the most recent method adopted by a liberal-minded Musalman of dealing with this important subject.