For the promotion of global trading and the reduction of potential risks, the role of international standardization of nanotechnologies has become more and more important. This book gives an overview of the current status of nanotechnology including the importance of metrology and characterization at the nanoscale, international standardization of nanotechnology, and industrial innovation of nano-enabled products.
First the field of nanometrology, nanomaterial standardization and nanomaterial innovation is introduced. Second, major concepts in analytical measurements are given in order to provide a basis for the reliable and reproducible characterization of nanomaterials. The role of standards organizations are presented and finally, an overview of risk management and the commercial impact of metrology and standardization for industrial innovations.
Daftar Isi
Foreword XXVII
Preface XXIX
1 Introduction: An Overview of Nanotechnolgy and Nanomaterial Standardization and Opportunities and Challenges 1
Ajit Jillavenkatesa
1.1 Standards and Standardization 1
1.2 Nanotechnology Standardization 2
1.3 Nanomaterial Standardization 8
1.4 Challenges 9
1.5 Opportunities 12
1.6 Summary 13
Part One Nanotechnology Basics: Definitions, Synthesis, and Properties 15
2 Nanotechnology Definitions at ISO and ASTM International: Origin, Usage, and Relationship to Nomenclature and Regulatory and Metrology Activities 17
Frederick C. Klaessig
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Context based on Size, Property, and Regulatory Framework 19
2.3 Nano-objects: Particles, Shapes, and Shape Descriptors 24
2.4 Collections of Nano-Objects 27
2.5 Layers and Coatings as Surface Chemistry 31
2.6 National Definitions 32
2.7 Nomenclature 34
2.8 Terminology as a Controlled Vocabulary and Nomenclature as Knowledge Organization 42
2.9 Concluding Remarks 44
Acknowledgments 44
References 45
3 Engineered Nanomaterials: a Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials 49
Marcel Van de Voorde, Maciej Tulinski, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk
3.1 Description of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 49
3.2 Nanomaterials’ Morphologies 49
3.3 Types of Nanomaterials 53
3.4 Properties of Nanomaterials 58
3.5 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites 61
3.6 Conclusions and Outlook 69
References 70
4 Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods 75
Maciej Tulinski and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk
4.1 Classification 75
4.2 Physical Methods 78
4.3 Chemical Methods 82
4.4 Mechanical Methods 87
4.5 Biological Synthesis 94
4.6 Summary 95
References 96
5 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 99
Linda J. Johnston, Elisabeth Mansfield, and Gregory J. Smallwood
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Composition 100
5.3 Size and Size Distribution 102
5.4 Morphology and Shape 105
5.5 Aggregation and Agglomeration 107
5.6 Surface Properties 108
5.7 Conclusions and Outlook 110
References 111
6 Biological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 115
Dong Hyun Jo, Jin Gyeong Son, Jin Hyoung Kim, Tae Geol Lee, and Jeong Hun Kim
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Biological Properties of ENMs 116
6.3 Metrology and Standardization of ENMs in the Context of Biological Properties 123
6.4 Conclusions 125
References 125
Part Two Metrology for Engineered Nanomaterials 129
7 Characterization of Nanomaterials 131
Alan F. Rawle
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Size 133
7.3 Shape 136
7.4 Surface 139
7.5 Solubility 142
7.6 International Standards and Standardization 144
7.7 Summary 146
Acknowledgments 146
References 147
8 Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials 151
Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 ENM Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization 154
8.3 Summary 169
List of Abbreviations 169
Disclaimer 170
References 170
9 Analytical Measurements of Nanoparticles in Challenging and Complex Environments 175
Bryant C. Nelson and Vytas Reipa
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Nanoparticle Measurements in Soils and Sediments 175
9.3 Nanoparticle Measurements in Air 177
9.4 Nanoparticle Measurements in Cosmetics 179
9.5 Nanoparticle Measurements in Aquatic Environments 180
9.6 Nanoparticle Measurements in Foods 182
9.7 Nanoparticle Measurements in Biological Matrices 184
9.8 Key Challenges for Characterizing Nanoparticle Sizes and Shapes in Biological Matrices 184
9.9 Key Challenges in the Quantitative Measurement of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 186
9.10 Key Challenges for Determining Nanoparticle Dose/Concentration in Biological Matrices 187
9.11 Key Challenges in Measuring Nanoparticle Agglomeration in Biological Matrices 188
9.12 Notable Instrumentation for Characterizing Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 188
9.13 Concluding Remarks 190
NIST Disclaimer 191
List of Acronyms 191
References 192
10 Metrology for the Dimensional Parameter Study of Nanoparticles 197
N. Feltin, S. Ducourtieux, and A. Delvallée
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 Traceability of the Dimensional Measurements at the Nanoscale 198
10.3 Measuring the Nanoparticle Size 201
10.4 Conclusions 209
References 209
11 Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques: Nanoscale Properties 211
Daisuke Fujita
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Historical Overview of Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques 212
11.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 214
11.4 Electron Microscopy 219
11.5 Emerging Nanocharacterization Techniques 222
11.6 Summary 227
References 227
12 Tribological Testing and Standardization at the Micro- and Nanoscale 229
Esteban Broitman
12.1 Introduction 229
12.2 A Brief History of Tribology 230
12.3 Scale Effects in Tribology Testing 232
12.4 Experimental Methods for Tribology Characterization 234
12.5 International Standardization in Micro- and Nanotechnology 243
Acknowledgments 246
References 246
13 Stochastic Aspects of Sizing Nanoparticles 249
Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski
13.1 Introduction 249
References 257
Part Three Nanotechnology Standards 259
14 ISO Technical Committee 229 Nanotechnologies 261
Heather Benko
14.1 Introduction 261
14.2 ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies 262
References 267
15 Standards from ASTM International Technical Committee E56 on Nanotechnology 269
Debra L. Kaiser and Kathleen Chalfin
15.1 Introduction 269
15.2 ASTM International 270
15.3 ASTM Technical Committee E56 271
15.4 ASTM E56 Standards 273
15.5 ASTM E56 Future Technical Focus Areas 276
15.6 Summary 277
References 277
16 International Electrotechnical Commission: Nanotechnology Standards 279
Michael Leibowitz
16.1 International Electrotechnical Commission 279
16.2 IEC Technical Committee 113 280
16.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 286
References 286
17 Standardization of Nanomaterials: Methods and Protocols 289
Dr. Jean-Marc Aublant
17.1 Genesis of CEN/TC 352 289
17.2 Nanostrand: a European Road Map of Standards Needs for Nanotechnologies 290
17.3 Mandate for a European Standardization Program for Nanotechnologies 291
17.4 Mandate for Developing European Standards for Nanotechnologies 293
17.5 Publication and Ongoing Work of CEN/TC 352 294
References 297
18 Nanomaterial Recommendations from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 299
Elisabeth Mansfield, Richard Hartshorn, and Andrew Atkinson
18.1 IUPAC Organization 299
18.2 The Future of IUPAC in Nanotechnology 302
18.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 304
References 305
19 Reference Nanomaterials to Improve the Reliability of Nanoscale Measurements 307
G. Roebben, V.A. Hackley, and H. Emons
19.1 Introduction 307
19.2 Reference Materials for Quality Control 308
19.3 Reference Materials for Instrument Calibration 310
19.4 Reference Materials for Method Validation 312
19.4.3 Example 3: Within-Laboratory Method Validation 315
19.5 Outlook/Future Trends 317
19.6 Conclusions 320
Acknowledgment 320
Disclaimer 320
References 321
20 Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) and its Role in Nanotechnology Standardization 323
Stephen Freiman
20.1 Background 323
20.2 How Does VAMAS Help? 324
20.3 The VAMAS Role in Nanotechnology 325
20.4 Summary 326
Part Four Risk-Related Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials 327
21 Categorization of Engineered Nanomaterials For Regulatory Decision-Making 329
Maria J. Doa
21.1 Introduction 329
21.2 Chemical Categories 330
21.3 Adoption of a Similar Approach for Nanomaterials 331
21.4 Categorization in a North American Regulatory Context 334
21.5 Physicochemical Properties 339
21.6 Conclusion 340
References 340
22 Nano-Exposure Science: How Does Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials Happen? 343
Christie M. Sayes and Grace V. Aquino
22.1 Introduction 343
22.2 The Stages of a Product’s Lifecycle 343
22.3 Product Life Evaluation 344
22.4 Product Lifecycle versus Product Value Chain 344
22.5 Exposure at Each Stage of the ENM Product Lifecycle 348
22.6 Environmental Release of Engineered Nanomaterials from Common Nano-enabled Products 354
22.7 Conclusions 356
References 357
23 Nanotoxicology: Role of Physical and Chemical Characterization and Related In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Methods 363
Pavan M. V. Raja, Ghislaine Lacroix, Jacques-Aurélien Sergent, Frédéric Bois, Andrew R. Barron, Enrico Monbelli, and Dan Elgrabli
23.1 Importance of Toxicological Studies – Interaction of Nanoparticles and Living Species 363
23.2 Regulatory Aspects Applied to Nanomaterials 367
23.3 Essential Chemical and Physical Characterization for Nanotoxicological Studies 371
23.4 Methods in Nanotoxicology 372
23.5 Conclusions 376
References 376
24 Minimizing Risk: An Overview of Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Nanomaterials 381
Jo Anne Shatkin, Kimberly Ong, and James Ede
24.1 How Risk Assessment and Risk Management Can Minimize Risk 381
24.2 Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 383
24.3 Risk Management of Nanomaterials 395
24.4 Conclusions 402
References 403
Part Five Nanotechnology-based Products, Applications, and Industry 409
25 Nanoenabled Products: Categories, Manufacture, and Applications 411
Wendel Wohlleben, Christian Punckt, Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann, Friedrich Siebers, Frank Menzel, Daniel Esken, Claus-Peter Drexel, Henning Zoz, Hans Ulrich Benz, Andreas Weier, Martin Hitzler, Andrea Iris Schäfer, Luisa De Cola, and Eko Adi Prasetyanto
25.1 General Overview 411
25.2 Case Studies: Composite Systems 426
25.3 Case Studies: Nanoporous Systems 440
25.4 Case Studies: Particle-Based Systems 447
25.5 Summary and Outlook 457
References 460
26 Application of Nanomaterials to Industry: How Are Nanomaterials Used and What Drives Future Applications? 465
Denis Koltsov and Iwona Koltsov
26.1 Introduction 465
26.2 Nanomaterial Application Types 466
26.3 Sources of Innovation for Nanomaterials 472
26.4 Barriers for Implementation 473
26.5 Applications 476
26.6 Conclusions 481
References 481
27 Ethics and Nanomaterials Industrial Production 485
Daniel Bernard
27.1 Current Situation 487
27.2 Strategy 491
27.3 Safety 493
27.4 Data Generation and Expertise Implementation 496
27.5 Transparency 498
27.6 Conclusions 499
List of Acronyms 502
References 503
28 Nanomaterials for Energy Applications 505
K. E. Hurst, J. M. Luther, C. Ban, and S. T. Christensen
28.1 Introduction 505
28.2 Photovoltaics 505
28.3 Solid-State Lighting 507
28.4 Fuel Cell 509
28.5 Biomass 510
28.6 Electrochemical Batteries 511
28.7 Electrochemical Capacitors 512
28.8 Hydrogen Storage 513
28.9 Conclusions 515
References 515
29 The Importance of Metrology and Standardization of Nanomaterials for Food Industry and Regulatory Authorities in Europe 519
Reinhilde Schoonjans and Qasim Chaudhry
29.1 Introduction 519
29.2 Current Trends in the Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Agri/Food/Feed Products 520
29.3 Nanometrology in Agri/Food/Feed 522
29.4 Regulatory Aspects Relating to Standardization and Safe Use of Nanomaterials 527
29.5 Safety Data for Regulatory Authorization in Europe 529
29.6 Current Status of Regultory Assessments in Europe 530
29.7 Concluding Remarks 533
References 534
30 Magnetic Properties and Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials 539
Cindi L. Dennis
30.1 Introduction 539
30.2 Fundamentals of Nanomagnetism 539
30.3 Applications of Nanomagnets 547
30.4 Summary 557
References 557
31 Nanomaterials in Textiles 559
Keana Scott, Vicenç Pomar-Portillo, and Socorro Vázquez-Campos
31.1 Introduction 559
31.2 Manufacturing Processes 560
31.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 564
31.4 Applications 566
31.5 Conclusions 569
References 569
Index 573
Tentang Penulis
Elisabeth Mansfield is research chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. She obtained her Ph D in analytical chemistry from the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. During her career at NIST, she received both the Bronze and Silver Medal of the Department of Commerce/NIST for extending thermogravimetric analysis to the microscale and for pioneering work on carbon nanotube purification and analysis. Elisabeth Mansfield is member of various standards committees, among them the ASTM committee on thermal analysis and the ISO committee on nanoparticles.
Debra L. Kaiser is a Technical Program Director in the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. She obtained her Sc D in Materials Science and Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She worked as a postdoctoral fellow and consultant at the IBM Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, before joining NIST. After a productive research and management career, she now holds the position of Technical Program Director of the NIST Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety Program. She is vice-chairman of ASTM International Committee E56 on Nanotechnology.
Daisuke Fujita is the Executive Vice President of the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba, Japan. He obtained his MSc and Ph D degrees in materials science and engineering from the University of Tokyo. Daisuke Fujita was senior researcher at the National Institute for Metals (NRIM) before joining NIMS as group leader in 2001. Subsequently he became Associate Director of the Nanomaterials Laboratory at NIMS, Managing Director of the Advanced Nano Characterization Center, Coordinating Director of the Key Nanotechnologies Division, and Director of the Advanced Key Technologies Division before assuming his current responsibilities
Marcel Van de Voorde has 40 years` experience in European Research Organisations including CERN-Geneva, European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart, Germany. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy and management, especially in European research institutions. He holds a Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, as well as multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary Professorships.
He is senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, in Salzburg and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a Fellow of various scientific societies and has been decorated by the Belgian King. He has authored of multiple scientific and technical publications and co-edited multiple books in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
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