SEXUAL OFFENDING in ASIA
AUTHORITATIVE AND THOUGHT-PROVOKING WORK DETAILING THE PSYCHO-CRIMINOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING AND AFFECTING SEXUAL OFFENDERS IN ASIA
Sexual Offending in Asia examines sexual offending from a general Asian perspective with a psycho-criminological approach (i.e., personal, social, and environmental mechanisms) to provide comprehensive coverage of different topics from both theoretical and practical (i.e., practice and policy) standpoints. This book is part of The Wiley Series in the Psycho-Criminology of Crime, Mental Health, and the Law, which aims to publish original, high-quality authored and edited collections on all aspects of crime, mental health, and the law from a psycho-criminological perspective.
Sexual Offending in Asia is divided into two main sections—i.e., Part 1: Theories of Sexual Offending and Part 2: Sexual Offending in Asia—with five chapters in each section. In the second section, each chapter concludes with two case examples to illustrate the sexual offending phenomenon of each geographical location.
Written by an award-winning author with significant experience in the field, Sexual Offending in Asia provides coverage of topics such as:
- Multi-level theories of general sexual offending, including multi-factorial (Level 1), single factor (Level ll), and micro-level or offense process (Level lll) theories of sexual offending for specific sex offender populations, including female sex offenders and sexual homicide offenders
Sexual offending in Asia is discussed based on 5 geographical regions, namely East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and Central Asia. Sexual offending in each geographical region is discussed comprehensively, including the prevalence and nature of sexual offending; cultural values and norms related to sexual offending; offender, victim, and offense characteristics; penal codes; and case examples
Sexual Offending in Asia will be of immense interest not only to researchers and field practitioners whose work brings them into contact with sexual offenders, but more specifically to those who wish for an informed and informative understanding of Asian sexual offending regarding prevention and intervention strategies.
Daftar Isi
List of Figures xiv
Foreword xv
Series Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxii
Endorsements xxiii
About the Author xxvi
1 Introduction: Distinguishing Nonhomicidal from Homicidal Sexual Offending 1
Introduction 1
The Structure of the Book 2
Understanding Sexual Offending: Prevalence and Nature 5
Nonhomicidal and Homicidal Sexual Offending: Similarities and Differences 8
Offenders’ Age and Racial Background 9
Offenders’ Intelligence, Educational Background, and Criminal History 9
Offenders’ Childhood and Adolescent Development 19
Offenders’ Behavioral Problems and Psychiatric Diagnoses 20
Offenders’ Relationship Status at the Time of the Offense 21
Offenders’ Sexual Deviation 22
Offenders’ Pre-Crime Characteristics 23
Offenders’ Crime Scene Characteristics 24
Victims’ Characteristics 25
Conclusion26
References 27
Part 1 Theories of Sexual Offending 35
2 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level I (Multi-Factorial) Theories 37
Introduction 37
The Precondition Model (Finkelhor, 1984) 37
The Integrated Theory (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990) 39
The Quadripartite Model (Hall & Hirschman, 1992) 41
The Confluence Model (Malamuth, 1996) 44
The Sexual Promiscuity (SP; or Impersonal Sex) Pathway 46
The Hostile Masculinity (HM) Pathway 46
The Evolutionary Theory of Rape (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000) 47
A Theory of Mind Perspective (Ward et al., 2000) 49
The Pathway Model (Ward & Siegert, 2002) 50
The Motivation-Facilitation
Model of Sexual Offending (Seto, 2019) 52
Motivation 53
Paraphilias 53
High Sex Drive 54
Intense Mating Effort 54
Facilitation 55
Self-Regulation
Problems 55
Hostile Masculinity 55
State Facilitation Factors 56
Situational Factors 56
References 57
3 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level II (Single Factor) Theories 62
Introduction 62
The Sexual Deviation Theory (Mc Guire et al., 1965) 62
The Cognitive Distortion Theory (Abel et al., 1984) 63
The Intimacy Deficits Theory (Marshall, 1989) 64
The Conditioning Theory (Law & Marshall, 1990) 65
Radical Feminist Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse (Breckenridge, 1992) 67
Postmodern Feminist Perspectives on Sexual Offending (Featherstone & Fawcett, 1994; Featherstone & Lancaster, 1997; Lancaster & Lumb, 1999) 68
The Four-Stage Model of the Empathy Process (Marshall et al., 1995) 69
The Monoamine Hypothesis (Kafka, 1997, 2003) 71
The Implicit Theory of Sexual Offenders (Ward, 2000) 72
The Power/Powerlessness Theory (Cossins, 2000) 75
The Schema-Based
Model of Sexual Assault (Mann & Beech, 2003) 76
References 77
4 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level III (Micro-Level) Theories 82
Introduction 82
The Substance Abuse-Based Relapse Model (Marlatt Relapse Model) (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985) 82
The Pithers-Marques Relapse Model of Sexual Offending (Pithers et al., 1983) 83
Wolf’s Addiction Cycle of Sexual Offending (Wolf, 1985) 84
Freeman-Longo’s Four-Stage Model (Bays & Freeman-Longo, 1990; Freeman-Longo & Pithers, 1992) 87
Carich’s Six-Stage Sexual Assault Cycle (Carich, 1994; Carich & Stone, 1995) 87
Lane’s Sexual Abuse Cycle (Lane, 1991, 1997) 88
Salter’s Deviant Cycle (Salter, 1995) 90
The Child Molester Offense Chain Model of Ward et al. (Ward et al., 1995b) 91
The Self-Regulation Process Model of Sexual Offending (Ward & Hudson, 1998a) 95
The Rape Model of Polaschek et al. (Polaschek et al., 2001) 99
The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward & Beech, 2006) 105
Brain Development 106
Ecological Niche: Proximal and Distal Factors 108
Neuropsychological Functioning 109
Clinical Phenomena 110
The Expertise-Related Competency Model of Child Sexual Offending (Bourke et al., 2012) 112
Phase 1: Primary Skill Acquisition 114
Phase 2: Lifestyle 115
Phase 3: Offense-Related Competencies 115
Phase 4: Offense-Related Behaviors 116
Mediating Categories: Internal Moderators and Contextual Features 116
Phase 5: Masking 117
Phase 6: Reflection 117
References 118
5 Theories of Female Sexual Offending 124
Introduction 124
The Descriptive Model of Female Sexual Offending (Gannon et al., 2008) 124
Phase 1: Background Factors 124
Phase 2: The Pre-offense Period 125
Phase 3: The Offense and Post-offense Period 128
Pathway Identification 131
Trauma-Informed Perspective of Female Sexual Offending (Mc Leod et al., 2015) 134
References 137
6 Theories of Sexual Homicide Offending 140
Introduction 140
The Motivational Model (Burgess et al., 1986) 140
Ineffective Social Environment 140
Formative Events in Childhood and Adolescence 142
Patterned Responses to Formative Events 143
Actions toward Others and Self 144
Feedback Filter 144
The Trauma-Control Model (Hickey, 1997, 2002) 145
Predispositional Factors 146
Traumatic Events 146
Low Self-Esteem and Fantasies 146
Dissociation 147
Trauma Reinforcers 147
Facilitators 148
Increasingly Violent Fantasies 148
Homicidal Behavior 148
The Paraphilic Model (Arrigo & Purcell, 2001) 149
Formative Development 150
Predispositional Factors 150
Traumatic Events 150
Low Self-Esteem 151
Early Fantasy and Paraphilic Development 151
Paraphilic Process 152
Paraphilic Stimuli and Fantasy 152
Orgasmic Conditioning Process 152
Facilitators 153
Stressors 153
Behavioral Manifestations 153
Increasingly Violent Fantasies 154
The Social Learning-Routine Activity Integrated Theory (Chan, 2015; Chan et al., 2011) 154
Predispositional Factors: A Motivated Offender 155
Situational Factors: An Attractive and Suitable Target, and the Absence of a Capable Guardian 157
Additional Motivating Factors: Precrime Precipitators 158
References 158
Part 2 Sexual Offending in Asia 163
7 Sexual Offending in East Asia 165
Introduction 165
Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 165
Mainland China 166
Hong Kong 167
Japan 168
South Korea 169
North Korea 169
Taiwan 170
Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 170
Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 174
Intervention and Prevention Strategies 182
Penal Codes 187
Case Examples 187
The ‘Chinese Jack the Ripper’ 188
The Serial Kidnapping Murder of Little Girls in Japan 189
Conclusion 191
References 192
References on the Cases 212
8 Sexual Offending in Southeast Asia 213
Introduction 213
Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 213
Indonesia 214
The Philippines 215
Vietnam 216
Myanmar 216
Malaysia and Singapore 217
Thailand 217
Cambodia 218
Sexual Violence in Political Conflict Areas 219
Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 219
Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 223
Intervention and Prevention Strategies 228
Penal Codes 230
Case Examples 231
The Indonesian Serial Child Murderer 231
The Malaysian Serial Sexual Offender in Singapore 233
Conclusion 235
References 236
References on the Cases 250
9 Sexual Offending in South Asia 252
Introduction 252
Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 252
India 252
Bangladesh 253
Nepal 253
Pakistan 254
Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 254
Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 258
Intervention and Prevention Strategies 264
Penal Codes 266
Case Examples 266
The Delhi Gang Rape in India 266
The Rape and Murder of Zainab Amin Ansari in Pakistan 268
Conclusion 269
References 270
References on the Cases 283
10 Sexual Offending in West Asia 284
Introduction 284
Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 284
Saudi Arabia 285
Turkey 286
Egypt 286
Cyprus 286
Israel 287
Iran 287
Jordan 288
Iraq 289
Palestine 289
Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 290
Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 293
Intervention and Prevention Strategies 299
Penal Codes 302
Case Examples 303
The Iranian ‘Spider Killer’ 303
The Rape and Murder of Azra Gülendam Haytaoglu in Turkey 305
Conclusion 306
References 307
References on the Cases 320
11 Sexual Offending in Central Asia 322
Introduction 322
Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 322
Kyrgyzstan 323
Tajikistan 323
Kazakhstan 324
Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 324
Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 326
Intervention and Prevention Strategies 327
Penal Codes 328
Case Examples 328
The Murder and Dismemberment of Ayazhan Yedilova in Kazakhstan 329
The Bride Kidnapping and Murder of Aizada Kanatbekova in Kyrgyzstan 330
Conclusion 331
References 332
References on the Cases 337
12 Conclusion 339
Introduction 339
Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending in Asia 340
Distinguishing Sexual Offending in Asia from Sexual Offending in Other Regions 347
Concluding Remarks 350
References 354
Index 368
Tentang Penulis
HENG CHOON (OLIVER) CHAN, Ph D, is an Associate Professor of Criminology at City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, SAR. He received his Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of South Florida, USA. Over the years, Dr. Chan has been awarded a number of awards to recognize his outstanding research performance and contributions to professional education. Dr. Chan’s research focuses on sexual homicide, sexual offending, stalking, psycho-criminology, and Asian criminology.
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