This monograph consists of six chapters, each describing recent advancements in medicine and biology. Chapter One details the use of radiology as an imaging method in diagnosis and risk-assessment of osteoporosis. Chapter Two describes research that aims to better understand the mechanisms involved in the onset of extrapyramidal side effects following treatment with antipsychotics. Chapter Three deals with issues related to endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), including diagnosis, endoknives, procedure, traction method, management of complications, and more. Chapter Four discusses ESD in the context of colorectal neoplasia. Chapter Five discusses estrogen receptor mutations that have been described in the ligand binding domain as well as the proposed treatments for patients with breast cancer ESR1 mutant-bearing tumors. Finally, Chapter Six discusses the role of estradiol in the regulation of the immune response of the host during parasitic infections and how estradiol affects parasite physiology.