Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell’s Equations
Discover an innovative and fresh approach to teaching classical electromagnetics at a foundational level
Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell’s Equations delivers an accessible and practical approach to teaching the well-known topics all electromagnetics instructors must include in their syllabus. Based on the author’s decades of experience teaching the subject, the book is carefully tuned to be relevant to an audience of engineering students who have already been exposed to the basic curricula of linear algebra and multivariate calculus.
Forming the backbone of the book, Maxwell’s equations are developed step-by-step in consecutive chapters, while related electromagnetic phenomena are discussed simultaneously. The author presents accompanying mathematical tools alongside the material provided in the book to assist students with retention and comprehension. The book contains over 100 solved problems and examples with stepwise solutions offered alongside them. An accompanying website provides readers with additional problems and solutions. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
- A thorough introduction to preliminary concepts in the field, including scalar and vector fields, cartesian coordinate systems, basic vector operations, orthogonal coordinate systems, and electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetics
- An exploration of Gauss’ Law, including integral forms, differential forms, and boundary conditions
- A discussion of Ampere’s Law, including integral and differential forms and Stoke’s Theorem
- An examination of Faraday’s Law, including integral and differential forms and the Lorentz Force Law
Perfect for third- and fourth-year undergraduate students in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, applied maths, physics, and computer science, Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell’s Equations will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate and postgraduate students in any STEM program with applications in electromagnetics.
Daftar Isi
Preface xi
1 Lignin-Derived Materials for Supercapacitors 1
Jesús Muñiz, Ana K. Cuentas-Gallegos, Miguel Robles, Alfredo Guillén-López, Diego R. Lobato-Peralta, and Jojhar E. Pascoe-Sussoni
1.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Value-Added Products 1
1.1.1 Cellulose 1
1.1.2 Hemicellulose 2
1.1.3 Lignin 4
1.2 Production of Carbon Materials by Thermochemical Processes 6
1.2.1 Hydrothermal Processing 7
1.2.1.1 Hydrothermal Processing Mechanism 7
1.2.2 Gasification 7
1.2.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Gasification Mechanism 8
1.2.3 Pyrolysis 9
1.2.3.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis 9
1.2.3.2 Fast Pyrolysis 10
1.2.3.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis 11
1.2.3.4 Slow Pyrolysis 11
1.2.4 Solar Pyrolysis 12
1.3 Nanoporous Carbon Obtained from Biomass for SC Applications 13
1.3.1 Supercapacitors 13
1.3.1.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 14
1.3.2 Carbon Materials for EDLC 16
1.3.2.1 Physical Activation 16
1.3.2.2 Chemical Activation 17
1.3.2.3 Pseudocapacitors 18
1.3.2.4 Hybrid Supercapacitors 19
1.4 Computational Simulation of Nanocarbon Structures from Lignin-Derived Materials with Potential Application in Energy Storage Devices 19
1.4.1 Computational Study of Lignin from Different Computational Approaches 19
1.4.2 Computational Studies of Lignin Through Pyrolysis-Simulated Molecular Dynamics 26
1.5 Tailoring Nanocarbon Structures to Enhance the Performance of Electrodes in Supercapacitors 31
1.5.1 MD to Aid the Design of EDLCs 34
1.6 Perspectives for Future Development 35
Acknowledgments 36
References 36
2 Some Aspects of Preparations and Applications of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (Supercapacitors) 53
Aleksandr E. Kolosov, Volodymyr Y. Izotov, Elena P. Kolosova, Volodymyr V. Vanin, and Anish Khan
2.1 Introduction 53
2.2 Supercapacitors and Rechargeable Batteries 55
2.3 Combined Electrodes for Double Electrochemical Layer Capacitors 56
2.3.1 Brief State-of-the-Art Analysis Regarding the Technical Means of Manufacturing Electrodes for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor 56
2.3.2 Electrode Fabrication Method for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors 57
2.3.3 Combined Electrode for Double Electrochemical Layer Capacitors 60
2.3.4 Improved Composite Electrode for Supercapacitors 63
2.4 Prospective Carbon Nanomaterials for Manufacturing Electrodes of Supercapacitors: Nanotubes and Graphene 67
2.5 Using Ultrasound while Getting Supercapacitors 69
2.6 Some Perspective Applications for Supercapacitors 70
2.7 Conclusions 72
References 72
3 Metal Hydroxides for Supercapacitors 79
Viresh Kumar, Rigved Samant, Abu Faizal, and Himanshu S. Panda
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 Unary Metal Hydroxides 81
3.2.1 Nickel Hydroxide (NH) 81
3.2.2 Cobalt Hydroxide 86
3.2.3 Iron Hydroxide 89
3.2.4 Manganese Hydroxide 91
3.2.5 Cadmium Hydroxide 91
3.2.6 Copper Hydroxide 93
3.3 Binary and Ternary Hydroxides 96
3.4 Summary 101
References 105
4 Polyaniline-Based Materials for Supercapacitors 113
Asim A. Yaqoob, Mohamad N. M. Ibrahim, Akil Ahmad, Asma Khatoon, and Siti H. M. Setapar
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 Significant Conducting Mechanism for Polyaniline 114
4.3 Properties of PANI-Based Supercapacitors 116
4.3.1 High-Rate Supercapacitors 116
4.3.2 Electrolytic Capacitors 116
4.3.3 Smart Supercapacitors 116
4.3.4 Carbon Precursor 117
4.3.5 Elastic Supercapacitors 117
4.4 Significance and Role of PANI Supercapacitors 118
4.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 121
Acknowledgment 122
References 123
5 Perovskites for Supercapacitors 131
Ehsan Rezaie, Abdollah Hajalilou, and Yuanhai Su
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Classifications and Structures of Perovskite Materials 132
5.2.1 Stoichiometry Perovskite Structure 132
5.2.2 Halide Double Perovskites 134
5.2.3 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites 137
5.2.4 Cation- and Anion-Deficient Perovskite Structures 137
5.3 Supercapacitance Performance of Perovskite Materials 141
5.3.1 Capacitance Performance of Simple ABO3 Perovskites with Different Morphologies 142
5.3.2 Effect of Element Doping in A-site on Supercapacitance Performance of Perovskite Materials 152
5.3.3 Effect of Element Doping in B-site on Supercapacitance Performance of Perovskite Materials 162
5.3.4 Effect of Cation Leaching on Capacitance Stability 168
5.4 Summary 175
Acknowledgment 175
References 176
6 General Synthesis Methods of Inorganic Materials for Supercapacitors 187
Mehmet H. Calimli, Tugba G. Karahan, Anish Khan, and Fatih Sen
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Supercapacitors 190
6.2.1 Metal Oxides 190
6.2.1.1 Synthesis of Electrode Materials 191
6.3 Conclusions 195
References 195
7 Conducting Polymer Carbon-Based Binary Hybrid for Supercapacitors 205
Rini Jain and Satyendra Mishra
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Conducting Polymers 206
7.2.1 Polyaniline (PANI) 206
7.2.2 Polypyrrole (PPy) 206
7.2.3 Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiphene) (PEDOT) 206
7.3 CP Application in Supercapacitors 206
7.3.1 Limitations of CP Electrode Supercapacitors 207
7.4 Carbonaceous Materials Used as Fillers for Conducting Polymers 207
7.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes 207
7.4.2 Carbon Fibers (CFs) 208
7.4.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO) 209
7.4.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) 209
7.5 Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Application/Hybrid Supercapacitors 209
7.5.1 CP/CNT Nanocomposites 210
7.5.2 CPs/Graphene Composites 212
7.5.2.1 CPs/Graphene Oxide 213
7.5.2.2 CPs/Chemically Modified Graphene 214
7.6 Conclusions, Future Prospects, and Challenges 218
References 219
8 New Inorganic Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors 225
Mehmet H. Calimli, Gokcem Dasdemir, Anish Khan, and Fatih Sen
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Experimental 227
8.2.1 Synthesis of Zn Co2O4@Ni O/NF 227
8.2.1.1 Preparation of Nickel Foam (NF) Substrate 227
8.2.1.2 Synthesis of 2D Zn Co2O4/NF Nanoflake Structures 227
8.2.2 Fabrication Zn WO4 Nanoparticles 229
8.2.3 Procedure of Fabrication of δ-Mn O2/HCS 231
8.2.3.1 Fabrication of δ-Mn O2 231
8.2.3.2 Synthesis of HCS 232
8.2.3.3 δ-Mn O2/HCS Synthesis 232
8.2.4 Procedure Co Ni2S4 Ultrathin Nanosheets (Freestanding) Preparation 232
8.2.4.1 Preparation of Ni0.75Co0.25(OH)2(CO3)0.125 Exhibiting Free Nanoscaled Sheets 232
8.2.4.2 Fabrication of Co Ni2S4 Ultrathin Freestanding Nanosheets 233
8.3 Electrochemical Performance 234
8.4 Conclusion 237
References 239
9 Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors 245
Reza Ghaffari Adli, Yuanhai Su, Mir Ghasem Hosseini, and Abdollah Hajalilou
9.1 Introduction 245
9.2 Electrochemical Measurements 247
9.3 Characterization Methods of Electrode Materials 249
9.4 Electrode Materials 249
9.4.1 Transition Metal Oxides 250
9.4.1.1 Ru O2 250
9.4.1.2 Mn O2 251
9.4.1.3 Ni O 253
9.4.1.4 Co3O4 254
9.4.1.5 Mo O2/Mo O3 254
9.4.1.6 Sn O2 256
9.4.1.7 Iron Oxides 256
9.4.1.8 V2O5 258
9.4.1.9 WO3 259
9.4.1.10 Bi2O3 260
9.4.2 Mixed Transition Metal Oxides 263
9.4.2.1 Metal Cobaltite 263
9.4.2.2 Metal Tungstate 266
9.4.2.3 Metal Vanadates 266
9.4.2.4 Metal Phosphate 270
9.4.2.5 Metal Molybdats 270
9.5 Conclusion and Future Research 271
Acknowledgment 272
References 272
10 High-Surface Saccharum officinarum Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 285
Divya Velpula, Shilpa Chakra Chidurala, Rakesh Kumar Thida, and Shireesha Konda
10.1 Introduction 285
10.2 Chemical Composition of SCB and SCBA 286
10.3 Advantageous Utilizations of SCB and SCBA 287
10.4 Applications of SCB and SCBA 287
10.5 Organism-Based Materials as Supercapacitors 289
10.5.1 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Materials from Saccharum officinarum for Supercapacitor Applications 290
10.5.1.1 Carbon Aerogel 290
10.5.1.2 Activated Carbon 291
10.5.1.3 Hydrothermally Treated and Activated Carbon 292
10.6 Conclusion and Future Research 295
References 296
11 Microwave-Assisted Graphene-Based Conducting Polymer Materials for Supercapacitors 299
Senthil K. Kandasamy, Kavitha N. Singaram, Hemalatha Krishnamoorthy, Chandrasekaran Arumugam, Shanmugam Palanisamy, Kannan Kandasamy, Anish Khan, Abdullah M. Asiri, and Hurija D.-Cancar
11.1 Introduction 299
11.1.1 EDLCs 302
11.1.2 Pseudocapacitors 302
11.2 Composites 304
11.3 Microwave Annealing and Its Impacts 305
11.3.1 Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Composite 306
11.3.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Composite 307
11.3.1.2 Microwave Annealing of Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Composite 308
11.3.1.3 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PANI and Feeding Ratio on Structural Properties 309
11.3.1.4 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PANI and Feeding Ratio on Electrochemical Analysis 310
11.3.2 Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Composite 313
11.3.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite 316
11.3.2.2 Microwave Annealing of Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite 317
11.3.2.3 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PPy and Feeding Ratio on Structural Properties 317
11.3.2.4 Effects of Microwave Treatment of Graphene Oxide/PPy and Feeding Ratio on Electrochemical Analysis 318
11.4 Conclusions and Future Work 320
References 321
Index 327
Tentang Penulis
Rajender Boddula, Ph D, is Research Fellow in the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was formerly Senior Research Associate at the Aligarh Muslim University in India.
Anish Khan, Ph D, is Assistant Professor in the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah -21589, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate from Aligarh Muslim University in India.
Abdullah M. Asiri, Ph D, is Professor in the Chemistry Department, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research at King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia. He received his Ph D from University of Walls College of Cardiff in the United Kingdom.
Aleksandr E. Kolosov is Senior Researcher in the Department of Chemical Engineering of the National Technical University in Ukraine. His research focuses on functional nanomaterials and polymer composites.
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