Penulis: Ramesh Agarwal

Editors-in-Chief (Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering), Richard H. Blockley, Aerospace Consultant, Cranfield University, UK and formerly Head of Technical Programmes, BAE Systems, Farnborough, UK. Wei Shyy, Provost and Chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, China. Subject Editors: Ramesh Agarwal, The William Palm Professor of Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA. Author/co-author of over 300 publications, editorial team member of 13 journals, frequent speaker on sustainable air transport. Fayette Collier, NASA, USA; Director of NASA”s Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project. Andreas Schäfer, Chair in Energy and Transport, UCL Energy Institute, London, UK. Research interests include energy and transportation systems analysis. Previously at International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the University of Cambridge, and Stanford University. Allan Seabridge, Seabridge Systems Ltd, Lytham St Annes, UK. Section Editor on Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering; Series Editor Wiley Aerospace Series.