Sophie Boutillier & Denis Carre 
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems [EPUB ebook] 

Preface vii
Introduction ix
Chapter 1. Reputed Authors in the Field of Territorial Economics 1
1.1. The founding fathers of territorial economics 2
1.1.1. The disappearance of the concept of territory 2
1.1.2. The precursors to territorial thinking; distance and organization of economic activity 8
1.1.3. The founders of economic analysis from the territory to growth poles 12
1.1.4. Marshall: agglomeration effects, industrial atmosphere and industrial districts, fundamental elements of an economic interpretation of the territory 13
1.1.5. Hotelling’s law and straight-line competition 16
1.1.6. Perroux’s growth poles 18
1.2. Contemporary theories 22
1.2.1. The Italian district 23
1.2.2. The innovative milieu of the groupe de recherche europeén sur les milieux innovateurs (GREMI) 25
1.2.3. The regulatory approach 27
1.2.4. Theory of transaction costs devised by the University of California 29
1.2.5. Krugman and the New Economic Geography 31
1.2.6. Clusters and areas of expertise at the heart of global competition 33
1.2.7. The theory of spatial proximity or the actor strategy 35
1.2.8. From the territory to the city – what are the new economic challenges? 38
Chapter 2. The Key Concepts of Territorial Analysis: from the Actors to the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem 43
2.1. The actors and components within the entrepreneurial ecosystem 47
2.2. The operation of the entrepreneurial ecosytem 57
2.3. Strategies and public policies favoring entrepreneurial ecosystems 65
2.3.1. Definite risks of business creation 65
2.3.2. A wide range of state assistance 67
Chapter 3. From Implementation to Evaluations: Trajectories and Coordination 73
3.1. Territorial performance: from statistical correlations to complex causal mechanisms 75
3.1.1. Density effects of economic activities upon the performance of employment areas 76
3.1.2. Regional territorial performance: from technology grants to socio-economic links 79
3.2. The diversity of local productive ecosystems illustrated by case studies 85
3.2.1. Converting territories in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais: the case of Valenciennes 85
3.3. From policies to evaluation tools 103
3.3.1. General principles 103
3.3.2. In favor of a systems-based evaluation perspective 105
Conclusion 109
Bibliography 113
Index 123

Sophie Boutillier, MCF-HDR/Associted Profesor, Clersé (UMR-CNRS 8019), Université du Littoral-Côte d’Opale, France
Nadine Levratto, Chargée de recherche, Economix, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
Denis Carré, Chargée de recherche, Economix, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense