Examines the entanglement of secularity and liberality in the foundation of the modern state in Britain.
‘Modern’ Britain emerged from the outcome of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The rather standard Whig account of the long nineteenth century is one of growing stability, progress and improvement. And yet nothing was preordained or inevitable about the period’s stability. Ruling elites felt the constant anxieties of revolutionary terrorism. As Lubenow argues, it was a period of disorganization seeking organization. The great nineteenth-century reform acts against religious monopoly were aspects of this process of political organization. While religion did not disappear, these political actions gradually changed the constitutional position of religion.
As a result, a political vacuum was created which was then filled by a secular ‘clerisy’. These ‘fit and proper persons’, educated in the reformed universities, qualified by success in competitive examinations, began to fill positions in the Civil Service and in the professions. The effect was to replace the eighteenth-century system of confessional loyalties with a liberal political culture based on merit. Lubenow’s latest study examines the work of these intertwining nineteenth-century secular-liberal processes. Steeped deeply in archival research, this book considers biographical characteristics such as education, political connections and social associations, but it is equally conceptually guided by categories such as liberalism and secularism. It fills an important gap in the political history of nineteenth-century British liberalism by taking up the question of entanglement of secularity and liberality in the foundation of the modern state.
Daftar Isi
Preface
Introduction: Methods, Materials and Theses
1. From the Fiscal-Military-Confessional State to the Secular-Liberal State
2. From the Northcote-Trevelyan Report to the Order in Council of 1870
3. The Haldane Committee and the Creation of the Cabinet Office: Hankey to Hunt
4. ‘Fit and Proper Persons’: The Secular Clerisy
5. The Secular Clerisy’s
Outillages Mentale and Mandarin Solidarity
6. Regions of Doubt and Belief – Varieties of Secular Experience:
Essays and Reviews, Ecce Homo and the Gifford Lectures
Conclusion and Epilogue
Bibliography
Index
Tentang Penulis
WILLIAM C. LUBENOW is Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus at Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey. His previous books included Liberal Intellectuals and Public Culture in Modern Britain, 1815-1914 (2010), ‘Only Connect’: Learned Societies in Nineteenth-Century Britain (2015) and Learned Lives in England, 1900-1950 (2020), all published by the Boydell Press.
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