This edited book offers insight into the linguistic construction of prejudice and discrimination in social media. Drawing on the outputs of a three-year research project, NETLANG, involving scholars from five European countries (Portugal, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland and Poland), as well as on external contributions from participants in the project’s final conference, the collection brings together a variety of linguistic approaches to the study of online hate speech, ranging from pragmatic to syntactic, morphological, and lexical analyses, with a considerable focus on Natural Language Processing and Corpus Linguistics. Data from English, Portuguese, Danish, Lithuanian, Persian, Polish, and Slovenian are examined, along with various geopolitical contexts for hate speech, especially anti-refugee and anti-immigrant discourse. The authors explore a continuum of overt to covert textual data, namely: (i) structural elements, such as syntactic and morphological patterns which recur throughout the texts; (ii) lexical and stylistic elements, revealing the often implicit ways in which vocabulary choices and rhetorical devices signal the expression of hate; and (iii) interactional elements, concerning the pragmatic relationships established in online communicative exchanges. The chapters cover numerous types of prejudice, such as sexism, racism, nationalism, antisemitism, religious intolerance, ageism, and homo/transphobia. The book will be of interest to an academic readership in Linguistics, Media Studies, Communication Studies, and Social Sciences.
Table of Content
INTRODUCTION: ONLINE HATE SPEECH – OBJECT, APPROACHES, ISSUES.- Chapter 1. Building and Analysing a Hate Speech Corpus: The NETLANG Experience and Beyond.- Chapter 2: Distinguishing Hate Speech from Aggressive Speech: A Five-Factor Annotation Model.- PART I. STRUCTURAL PATTERNS IN HATE SPEECH.- Chapter 3. Improving NLP Techniques by Integrating Linguistic Input to Detect Hate Speech in CMC Corpora.- Chapter 4. First-person Aggression Verbs in You Tube Comments.- Chapter 5. Emotional Deixis in Online Hate Speech.- Chapter 6. Derogatory Linguistic Mechanisms in Online Hate Speech.- PART II. LEXICAL AND RHETORICAL STRATEGIES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HATE SPEECH.- Chapter 7. Humorous Use of Figurative Language in Religious Hate Speech .-Chapter 8. Rhetorical Questions as Conveyors of Hate Speech.- Chapter 9. Enabling Concepts in Hate Speech: The Function of the Apartheid Analogy in Antisemitic Online Discourse about Israel.- Chapter 10. Hate Speech in Poland in the Context of the War in Ukraine.- PART III. THE INTERACTIONAL DIMENSION OF HATE SPEECH: NEGOTIATING, STANCE-TAKING, COUNTERING.- Chapter 11. Stance-taking and Gender: Hateful Representations of Portuguese Women Public Figures in the NETLANG Corpus .-Chapter 12. Negotiating Hate and Conflict in Online Comments: Evidence from the NETLANG Corpus.- Chapter 13. Linguistic Markers of Affect and the Gender Dimension in Online Hate Speech.- Chapter 14. Counteracting Homophobic Discourse in Internet Comments: Fuelling or Mediating Conflict?
About the author
Isabel Ermida is Professor of Linguistics at the Department of English Studies, University of Minho, Portugal. She has dedicated her research to the pragmatic analysis of forms of indirectness and implicitness in language, with a key interest in humour, on which she has published extensively (
The Language of Comic Narratives, 2008;
Language and Humour in the Media, co-edited, 2012). Her latest work explores the language of hate speech, focusing on the expression of power and the ideological construction of identity and belonging. Drawing on impoliteness studies and speech act scholarship, she has analysed the prejudiced and discriminatory representation of social variables such as gender, nationality, ethnicity, age, and social class in public discourse. Her latest international financed project (NETLANG) delves into the language of hate speech on social media.
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