This book is the culmination of some ten years’ theoretical and empirical investigation. Throughout this period, we have come into contact with many who have stimulated our thinking, some of whom belong to the community of Mathematics Educators. Our membership of that community has challenged us to make sense of some deep issues related to mathematical learning, especially the cognitive and pedagogical faces of mathematical meaning- making. Alongside this community, we are privileged to have been part of another, whose members are centrally concerned both with mathematics and educa- tion. Yet many of them might reject the label of Mathematics Educators. This community has historically been clustered around what is now called the Epistemology and Learning Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy. Their work has focused our attention on cognitive science, ethnography, sociology, artificial intelligence and other related disciplines. Crucially, it has forced our awareness of the construction of computational settings as a crucial component of the struggle to understand how mathematical learning happens. We have sometimes felt that few have tried to span both communities. Indeed, an analysis of the references in the literature would, we are sure, reveal that the two communities have often ignored each other’s strengths. One reason for writing this book is born of our hope that we might draw together Mathematics Educators and mathematics educators, and assist both communities in recognising that there are insights that might be derived from each other.