Harold C. Sox is Emeritus Professor of Medicine and of the Dartmouth Institute at Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, USA. Michael C. Higgins is Adjunct Professor at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, USA. Douglas K. Owens is a general internist and Professor and Chair of the Department of Health Policy, School of Medicine, and Director of Stanford Health Policy, Freeman-Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, USA. Gillian Sanders Schmidler is Professor of Population Health Sciences and Medicine at Duke University and Deputy Director of the Duke-Margolis Institute for Health Policy, Durham, USA.