This book is a journey to discover and rediscover famous and lesser known aspects of the birth of modern neuroscience in Turin, from pre-Enlightenment to the 1980s. The pioneering contributions of neuroscientists from Turin and working in Turin and how they shaped the national and international community are critically explored. A brief selection of topics covered by The Birth of Modern Neuroscience in Turin: Luigi Rolando’s neuroanatomical drawings Cesare Lombroso’s controversial stances on criminal anthropology Angelo Mosso’s pioneering ‘neuroimaging’ experiments Ernesto Lugaro’s contributions to neuroplasticity and psychiatry Federico Kiesow and the development of experimental psychology in Europe Camillo Negro’s first clinical neurological movies Giuseppe Levi’s histological works and his mentorship Rita Levi Montalcini and her Nobel Prize-winning discovery of the Nerve Growth Factor