Lukas Feiler & Nikolaus Forgó 
The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [EPUB ebook] 
A Commentary, Second Edition

List of abbreviations 9
List of Recitals of the General Data Protection Regulation 11
Introduction to the General Data Protection Regulation 13
1. Introduction 13
2. The most important compliance steps to be implemented 13
3. Basic terms of the GDPR 14
4. The scope of the GDPR 15
4.1 Material scope – what processing activities are covered? ………….. 15
4.2 Personal scope – who does the GDPR apply to? …………………… 15
4.3 Territorial scope – where does the GDPR apply? …………………. 16
5. The relationship with national data protection laws 16
6. The principles relating to the processing of personal data 18
7. Legal basis requirement for any data processing activity 19
7.1 Available legal bases …………….. 19
7.2 Requirements for valid consent ………………………. 20
8. Information obligations and privacy notices 22
9. Rights of the data subject 24
10. Profiling and automated individual decision-making 25
11. Data protection compliance programme 26
11.1 Organisational measures including data protection strategies ………………………….. 26
11.2 Technical measures including privacy by design and by default …………………………. 26
12. Maintaining a record of processing activities 27
13. Data protection impact assessment and consultation obligation with supervisory authority 28
14. Data protection officer 29
15. Data security 30
15.1 Mandatory data security measures …………………………… 30
15.2 Obligation to notify personal data breaches …………………….. 31
16. Mandatory arrangements between joint controllers 33
17. Obligations in case of outsourcing 33
18. International data transfers 34
18.1 Transfers not subject to notification or approval ……… 35
18.2 Transfers subject to notification ……………………….. 36
18.3 Transfers subject to approval .. 36
19. International jurisdiction of supervisory authorities 37
20. Administrative fines and other sanctions 38
21. Civil liability and private enforcement 40
Text of the General Data Protection Regulation and commentary 41
Chapter I – General provisions 43
Article 1 Subject-matter and objectives …………………… 43
Article 2 Material scope …………….. 47
Article 3 Territorial scope ………….. 51
Article 4 Definitions …………………. 56
Chapter II – Principles 75
Article 5 Principles relating to processing of personal data ………………. 75
Article 6 Lawfulness of processing ………………….. 81
Article 7 Conditions for consent … 90
Article 8 Conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services ……………. 93
Article 9 Processing of special categories of personal data ………………. 96
Article 10 Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences ……………… 102
Article 11 Processing which does not require identification ……………. 103
Chapter III – Rights of the data subject 105
Section 1 – Transparency and modalities 105
Article 12 Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject ………………. 105
Section 2 – Information and access to personal data 109
Article 13 Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject …. 109
Article 14 Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject ………………. 115
Article 15 Right of access by the data subject ………………. 120
Section 3 – Rectification and erasure 123
Article 16 Right to rectification ….. 123
Article 17 Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’) ………………… 124
Article 18 Right to restriction of processing …………….. 128
Article 19 Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing ………………… 130
Article 20 Right to data portability ………………… 131
Section 4 – Right to object and automated individual decision-making 135
Article 21 Right to object ………….. 135
Article 22 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling ……. 138
Section 5 – Restrictions 142
Article 23 Restrictions ………………. 142
Chapter IV – Controller and processor 145
Section 1 – General obligations 145
Article 24 Responsibility of the controller …………………. 145
Article 25 Data protection by design and by default ………….. 149
Article 26 Joint controllers ………… 152
Article 27 Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union ……………………… 154
Article 28 Processor ………………….. 157
Article 29 Processing under the authority of the controller or processer ……………… 162
Article 30 Records of processing activities ………………….. 163
Article 31 Cooperation with the supervisory authority … 166
Section 2 – Security of personal data _ 167
Article 32 Security of processing … 167
Article 33 Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority … 171
Article 34 Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject ………… 174
Section 3 – Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation 177
Article 35 Data protection impact assessment ……………….. 177
Article 36 Prior consultation ……… 185
Section 4 – Data protection officer 188
Article 37 Designation of the data protection officer ………. 188
Article 38 Position of the data protection officer ………. 194
Article 39 Tasks of the data protection officer ……………………… 197
Section 5 – Codes of conduct and certification 199
Article 40 Codes of conduct ……… 199
Article 41 Monitoring of approved codes of conduct ………. 202
Article 42 Certification …………….. 204
Article 43 Certification bodies …… 206
Chapter V – Transfers of personal data to third countries or international organisations 209
Article 44 General principle for transfers …………………… 209
Article 45 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision …………………… 211
Article 46 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards ………………… 216
Article 47 Binding corporate rules ………………………… 221
Article 48 Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law ………………… 224
Article 49 Derogations for specific situations …………………. 225
Article 50 International cooperation for the protection of personal data ……………. 230
Chapter VI – Independent supervisory authorities 231
Section 1 – Independent status 231
Article 51 Supervisory authority … 231
Article 52 Independence …………… 233
Article 53 General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority …………………. 235
Article 54 Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority …………………. 236
Section 2 – Competence, tasks and powers 237
Article 55 Competence …………….. 237
Article 56 Competence of the lead supervisory authority …………………. 239
Article 57 Tasks ……………………….. 246
Article 58 Powers …………………….. 249
Article 59 Activity reports …………. 252
Chapter VII – Cooperation and consistency 253
Section 1 – Cooperation 253
Article 60 Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned … 253
Article 61 Mutual assistance ……… 257
Article 62 Joint operations of supervisory authorities ……………….. 259
Section 2 – Consistency 261
Article 63 Consistency mechanism ………………. 261
Article 64 Opinion of the Board ………………………. 262
Article 65 Dispute resolution by the Board …………………. 265
Article 66 Urgency procedure ……. 269
Article 67 Exchange of information ……………… 271
Section 3 – European Data Protection Board 272
Article 68 European Data Protection Board ……….. 272
Article 69 Independence …………… 273
Article 70 Tasks of the Board ……… 274
Article 71 Reports ……………………. 277
Article 72 Procedure ………………… 278
Article 73 Chair ………………………. 279
Article 74 Tasks of the Chair ……… 280
Article 75 Secretariat ………………… 281
Article 76 Confidentiality …………. 282
Chapter VIII – Remedies, liability and penalties 283
Article 77 Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority … 283
Article 78 Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority …………………. 285
Article 79 Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor …………………. 287
Article 80 Representation of data subjects …………….. 289
Article 81 Suspension of proceedings ……………… 291
Article 82 Right to compensation and liability ……………… 293
Article 83 General conditions for imposing administrative fines ………………………….. 296
Article 84 Penalties …………………… 303
Chapter IX – Provisions relating to specific processing situations 305
Article 85 Processing and freedom of expression and information ……………… 305
Article 86 Processing and public access to official documents ……………….. 307
Article 87 Processing of the national identification number ……………………. 309
Article 88 Processing in the context of employment …………. 310
Article 89 Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes ………………….. 312
Article 90 Obligations of secrecy …………………….. 317
Article 91 Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations …. 318
Chapter X – Delegated acts and implementing acts 319
Article 92 Exercise of the delegation ………………… 319
Article 93 Committee procedure ………………… 324
Chapter XI – Final provisions 325
Article 94 Repeal of Directive 95/46/EC …………………. 325
Article 95 Relationship with Directive 2002/58/EC … 327
Article 96 Relationship with previously concluded Agreements ………………. 328
Article 97 Commission reports ….. 329
Article 98 Review of other Union legal acts on data protection ………………… 330
Article 99 Entry into force and application ………………. 331
Keyword index 333
About the authors 341