to a Research Project Ernest W. Burgess Abstract The aggregation of urban population has been described by Bücher and Weber. A soc- logical study of the growth of the city, however, is concerned with the de nition and description of processes, as those of (a) expansion, (b) metabolism, and (c) mobility. The typical tendency of urban growth is the expansion radially from its central business district by a series of concentric circles, as (a) the central business district, (b) a zone of deterioration, (c) a zone of workingmen’s homes, (d)a residential area, and (e) a commuters’ zone. Urban growth may be even more fundamentally stated as the resultant of processes of organization and disorganization, like the anabolic and katabolic processes of metabolism in the human body. The distribution of population into the natural areas of the city, the division of labor, the differentiation into social and cultural groupings, represent the normal manifestations of urban metabolism, as statistics of disease, crime, disorder, vice, insanity, and suicide are rough indexes of its abnormal expression. The state of metabolism of the city may, it is suggested, be measured by mobility, de ned as a change of movement in response to a new stimulus or situation. Areas in the city of the greatest mobility are found to be also regions of juvenile delinquency, boys’ gangs, crime, poverty, wife desertion, divorce, abandoned infants, etc.
Table of Content
Urbanization and Human Domination of Earth.- Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems.- Humans as the World’s Greatest Evolutionary Force.- Urbanization.- Urban Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Field: Differences in the use of “Urban” Between the Social and Natural Sciences.- Conceptual Foundations of Urban Ecology.- The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project.- On the Early History of Urban Ecology in Europe.- Urban Ecological Systems: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas.- Integrated Approaches to Long-Term Studies of Urban Ecological Systems.- Integrating Humans into Ecology: Opportunities and Challenges for Studying Urban Ecosystems.- The Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Pedosphere.- Sealing of Soils.- Producing and Consuming Chemicals: The Moral Economy of the American Lawn.- Streams in the Urban Landscape.- The Urban Climate – Basic and Applied Aspects.- Global Warming and the Urban Heat Island.- A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution.- Heat Waves, Urban Climate and Human Health.- The Biosphere.- The City as a Subject for Ecological Research.- Ecosystem Processes Along an Urban-to-Rural Gradient.- House Sparrows Rapid Evolution of Races in North America.- On the Role of Alien Species in Urban Flora and Vegetation.- Socioeconomics Drive Urban Plant Diversity.- Fauna of the Big City – Estimating Species Richness and Abundance in Warsaw Poland.- Island Biogeography for an Urbanizing World How Extinction and Colonization May Determine Biological Diversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes.- A Long Term Survey of the Avifauna in an Urban Park.- Biodiversity in the Argentinean Rolling Pampa Ecoregion: Changes Caused by Agriculture and Urbanisation.- Does Differential Access to Protein Influence Differences in Timing of Breeding of Florida Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) in Suburban and Wildland Habitats?.- Creating a Homogeneous Avifauna.- Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Urbanization’s Impacts on Fish.- Bat Activity in an Urban Landscape: Patterns at the Landscape and Microhabitat Scale.- Urbanization and Spider Diversity: Influences of Human Modification of Habitat Structure and Productivity.- The Anthroposphere: Human Dimensions.- Social Science Concepts and Frameworks for Understanding Urban Ecosystems.- The Iceberg and the Titanic: Human Economic Behavior in Ecological Models.- Forecasting Demand for Urban Land.- Characteristics, Causes, and Effects of Sprawl: A Literature Review.- Urban Ecological Footprints: Why Cities Cannot be Sustainable—and Why They are a Key to Sustainability.- Health, Supportive Environments, and the Reasonable Person Model.- Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity.- Megacities as Global Risk Areas.- Why Is Understanding Urban Ecosystems Important to People Concerned About Environmental Justice?.- The Anthroposphere: Planning and Policy.- The Struggle to Govern the Commons.- Modeling the Urban Ecosystem: A Conceptual Framework.- Scientific, Institutional, and Individual Constraints on Restoring Puget Sound Rivers.- Toward Ecosystem Management: Shifts in the Core and the Context of Urban Forest Ecology.- What Is the Form of a City, and How Is It Made?.- What Should an Ideal City Look Like from an Ecological View? – Ecological Demands on the Future City.- Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance.- Terrestrial Nature Reserve Design at the Urban/Rural Interface.- Restoration of Fragmented Landscapesfor the Conservation of Birds: A General Framework and Specific Recommendations for Urbanizing Landscapes.- Steps Involved in Designing Conservation Subdivisions: A Straightforward Approach.- Beyond Greenbelts and Zoning: A New Planning Concept for the Environment of Asian Mega-Cities.
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